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AU-1, Air University Style and Author Guide is designed to unify their writing stylistically and to give them information about publishing with AU Press. Rapid expansion in the field of electronic media—especially the Internet—has made AU research and writing increasingly accessible. For that reason, we should assure that our efforts in these areas are sound—not only substantively but also stylistically. Based on recognized but forward-looking principles of standard English usage, the Air University Style Guide for Writers and Editors, part one of this publication, provides reliable guidance on such matters as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviation, documentation, numbers, spelling, and much more. Following the advice found there will make AU publications stylistically consistent and acceptable. Part two, the Air University Press Author Guide, contains instructions to writers who wish to have their studies considered for publication by the Air Force’s air and space power publisher....

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FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Part 1 Air University Style Guide for Writers and Editors 1.0 Terms and Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2.0 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 3.0 Grammar and Punctuation . . . . . . . . . .55 3.1 Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 3.2 Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 4.0 Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 4.1 Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.2 Spelling and Word Formation . . . . . . . .95 4.3 Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4.4 Italics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.5 Display Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 5.0 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Appendix A Note Citations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 B Bibliographic Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 C Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

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In 1944 a young man from Nahant, Massachusetts, experienced World War II as an unsung corporal assigned to an unheralded unit near an obscure English village. Few history books recall his war. But he and his unit personified a brand of service—seldom newsworthy, often tedious, always selfless—that underpinned Allied victory. This man was my father. This research paper is his unit’s story....

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This thesis analyzes the factors and conditions of command dysfunction from the cognitive, or mental, perspective of command and control warfare (C2W). The author examines the limitations of rational decision making and the tension that exists between rational and intuitive processes. Next, this thesis examines the vulnerabilities of rational and intuitive processes in order to build a cognitive warfare framework. The framework consists of three categories: the command baseline, stressors, and deception. The stressor and deception categories act on the command baseline. The analysis also suggests that there are a number of possible interactions that exist between the stressor and deception categories. This thesis uses the framework to analyze evidence of command dysfunction in three historical campaigns. The historical analyses study the German command during the Normandy Invasion, the Allied command during the first week of the Battle of the Bulge, and the Israeli command during the first half of the Arab-Israeli October 1973 War. In addition to showing that there are interactions between stressors and deception, the analyses highl...

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INTRODUCTION . . . . . 1 DECISION PROCESSES . . . . . 7 CONSIDERING A COGNITIVE WARFARE FRAMEWORK . . . 23 THE NORMANDY INVASION . . . . 35 THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE . . . . . 51 THE OCTOBER 1973 WAR IN THE SINAI . . . . . 65 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS . . . . . 83...

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1 THE NATURE OF THE BEAST . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2 MANEUVER WARFARE IN ACTION-EARLY GERMAN CAMPAIGNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3 MANEUVER WARFARE IN ACTION-THE GERMAN 1941 CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA . . . . . .61 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 PHOTO SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4 MANEUVER WARFARE IN ACTION-THE SOVIET VERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5 ISRAEL: MANEUVER WARFARE, AIR POWER, AND LOGISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 6 MANEUVER WARFARE AND AIR POWER IN THE 1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Past Limitations on Air Power . . . . . . . . . .193 Air Power and New Developments . . . . . . . 196 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Situational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 The Cordon Sanitaire of Reconstruction . . .200 Differences in ...

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This paper explores the relationship between Information Warfare (IW) and Public Affairs (PA) and reveals a direct link through the role of propaganda in each. A historical analysis of propaganda in past wars yields lessons which can be applied to formulating PA policy on IW today. In light of the evidence, three possible options emerge regarding the possible IW roles PA might adopt. Option One—a “Hands Off” policy—seeks to avoid any association with IW and represents the current PA approach. Option Two upholds the primacy of truth but acknowledges PA must take an active role in IW. Option Three suggests PA abandon its policy to tell the truth and actively en-gage in all IW activities, including disinformation. This paper finds Option Two as the logical role for PA in today’s environment and concludes with several recommendations to implement the policy....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . 1 Notes . . . . 4 2 DEFINING INFORMATION WARFARE AND IDENTIFYING THE PUBLIC AFFAIRS LINK . . . . . 5 Information Warfare and the CNN Factor . . . . 7 Public Affairs and Psychological Operations Roles Begin to Blur . . . . 8 Notes . . . .12 3 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY PROPAGANDA . . . . .15 Revolutionary War . . . . . 16 Civil War . . . . .17 Spanish–American War . . . . .18 World War I . . . . .19 World War II: The War against Germany . . . . .21 World War II: The War against Japan . . . . .23 Korea and Vietnam . . . .24 Grenada, Panama, and the Persian Gulf War . . . . . 25 Summary . . . . .27 Notes . . . .28 4 PUBLIC AFFAIRS OPTIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR INFORMATION WARFARE . . . . .31 Three Public Affairs Path Options . . . . .31 Option One: “Hands Off” . . . .31 Option Two: Public Affairs Conducts Information Warfare, Upholding Primacy of Truth . . . . .34 Option Three: Public Affairs Engages in Information Warfare, Including Disinformation . . . . .38 Notes . . . .40 5 CONCLUSION . . . . .43...

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While investigating these topics, my research centered on an interview with one of the former Soviet Union’s top missile engineers, the vice commander of Air Combat Command, discussions with the USAF Air Armament Center’s chief of advanced concepts, and on recently declassified CIA documents regarding the US reconnaissance program and National Intelligence Estimates. Also important to this work are Russian language sources documenting the Soviet need to develop mobile missiles. Although many other sources within the media and academia were tapped for information, these were the most prominent. As a result, this study highlights many of the great technological leaps America has made toward being able to attack mobile missiles, but it also underscores the need for improved coordination....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . .1 2 THE EVOLUTION AND SPREAD OF MOBILE BALLISTIC MISSILES. . . 5 3 THE AMERICAN COLD WAR RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . 21 4 RESPONDING TO MOBILE BALLISTIC MISSILES IN THE POST–COLD WAR ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . 37 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . 51...

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This paper addresses the use of airpower during the French military operations in Africa since 1960. Using case study methodology, it emphasizes the operational level of war and analyzes the use of the different French army, air force, and naval aviation operational roles; the adaptation of equipment to conditions in Africa; and the changes in the French- African policy that have influenced the use of airpower....

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DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1 THE USAF TODAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 FRAMING THE QUESTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 THE CURRENT FIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Irregular Warfare: Winning the Long War . . . 6 Air Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Strategic Communication: Spreading the Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Culture and Language in the Expeditionary Air Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Distributed Planning: The Key to Centralized Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Unmanned Aerial Systems: The Air Force in Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Intelligence Reform: The Secondary Effects of Merging Intelligence with Surveillance and Reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 The Total Force in Transition . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Air Base Disaster Planning: Contingency Operations . . . . . . ....

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This study examines the links between science, philosophy, and military theory. The author uses two case studies to demonstrate the links between these disciplines. He presents an overview on the rise of Newtonian science, and he examines how the key frameworks and concepts of that science became interwoven into Western civilization to affect its philosophy with an emphasis on its interpretation by the German Romanticist philosopher Immanuel Kant. He then shows how Newtonian science and Kant’s philosophy affected the military theory of Carl von Clausewitz. His second case study concerns the theory and philosophy of evolution developed by British philosopher Herbert Spencer and its influence on the military theory of J. F. C. Fuller. The author compares these two case studies to find commonalities between them that suggest a mechanism which explains how and why scientific theory and their philosophical interpretations eventually influence military theory. The author then uses this mechanism as a tool with which “new” sciences such as quantum mechanics, relativity, and complexity theory can be evaluated to see if and in what manner t...

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INTRODUCTION . . . . 1 THE RISE OF NEWTONIAN SCIENCE . . . . . 5 KANT . . . . 15 CLAUSEWITZ . . . . 21 SPENCER AND FULLER . . . . . 29 THE PATH FROM SCIENCE TO PHILOSOPHY TO MILITARY THEORY . . . . 39 THE NEW SCIENCES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MILITARY THEORY . . . . . 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . 59...

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Accounts of seizing the tactical or operational initiative abound. At the strategic level of war, however, initiative receives only transitory mention. Authors and military professionals often assume a common understanding of strategic initiative, including which combatant has it and why. There is neither a clear definition of the concept, nor any significant analysis of the elements that contribute to it. This thesis contributes to the elimination of that gap by answering the question—what factors lead to significant shifts in strategic initiative during the conduct of modern, conventional war?...

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 2 THE RUSSO–GERMAN WAR, 1941–45 . . . . 11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 3 THE PACIFIC WAR, 1941–45 . . . . . . . . . .55 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113...

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"The evolution of American science itself, from empiricism to a more German, theoretical approach to problem solution, is only indirectly addressed through the evolution of airpower. The biographical approach, emphasizing scientific and technological elements in Arnold’s and Kármán’s lives, is essential because the interaction of personalities, as well as their institutions, is inexorably linked to the development of American airpower. The importance of the personalities involved precludes a purely technological history of the airplane or the Air Force as a system within itself. For in the end, it was two men using their broad experience and innovative ideas, who created the blueprint with which American air supremacy has been built."...

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1GENESIS...................................................1 2 EDUCATING AN AIRPOWER ARCHITECT........9 3 CONCEPTUALIZING THE FUTURE AIR FORCE ..............................................................55 4 THE EUROPEAN INFLUENCE: THEODORE VON KÁRMÁN...................................................97 5 THE BLUEPRINT.....................................127 6 AIRPOWER UNDER CONSTRUCTION.........156 7 CONCLUSION.......................................189 APPENDIX A THE MILITARY CAREER OF HENRY HARLEY ARNOLD (CADET NO. 4596)..........205 APPENDIX B WHERE WE STAND...................209 APPENDIX C SCIENCE: THE KEY TO AIR SUPREMACY...........................................287...

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This paper presents an historical account of the operations of United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) special operations units in the French campaign of 1944. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it is intended to be a brief history of the creation, development and combat record of these units. Second, it is intended for use as an example of the utility and effectiveness of air force special operations in high intensity conventional warfare....

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This book examines the German air force (GAF) monograph project, also known as the Karlsruhe project, through which the US Air Force employed former Luftwaffe generals to record the history of World War II from the German perspective....

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1 AN OVERVIEW OF AMERICAN WORLD WAR II OFFICIAL MILITARY HISTORY PROJECTS . . . .1 The von Rohden Project (1945–47) . . . . . . . 4 The Naval Historical Team, Bremerhaven (1949–52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 The US Army’s German Military History Program (1945–61) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 CHRONOLOGY OF THE KARLSRUHE PROJECT (1952–69) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Stepchild of the Army’s History Program . . . 18 Topic Selection and the Prioritization of Soviet Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Assignment of Key Personnel and Early Research Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Documentary Sources Become Available, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Personnel Issues Arising from the Late Start of the Karlsruhe Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 A Second Full-Time USAF Employee Comes Aboard, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 The Final Phase: 10 Years, One Editor, and 40 Drafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3 THE “UNFORESEEN BY-PRODUCT”: TOWARDS A NEW WEST GERMAN–AMERICAN AIR FORCE RELATIONSHIP . . ...

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Gen George S. Patton Jr. remains one of the most storied commanders of World War II. Patton’s spectacularly successful drive across France in August–September 1944 as commander of the US Third Army was perhaps his greatest campaign....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2 KEY PLAYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Evolution of Airpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Understanding ULTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 New Kid on the Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 3 BREAKOUT IN BRITTANY . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Patton’s Playground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Combat Operations Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 The Lure from the East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 4 MORTAIN COUNTEROFFENSIVE AND THE FALAISE GAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 “To the Sea”—Targeting the Third Army Lifeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 ULTRA Improvements at Third Army . . . . . .54 German Neck in a Noose That the Allies Fail to Pull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5 TALE OF TWO RIVERS—SEINE AND LOIRE . 71 ...

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ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD WAR II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 British Antiaircraft Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The V-1 Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 American Antiaircraft Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . 22 German Flak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Allied Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Fratricide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 The US Navy in the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Japanese Antiaircraft Artillery . . . . . . . . . . .53 The Lessons of World War II . . . . . . . . . . .57 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2 FROM GUNS TO MISSILES, 1945–1965 . . .69 Antiaircraft Returns to Combat: The Korean War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Antiaircraft Missiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3 AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS: VIETNAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 French Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 America Enters the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114...

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What follows are points and counterpoints that attempt to clear away some of the detritus that obscures the subject, thus allowing more informed debate on the real issues concerning airpower and strategic bombing. This in turn, hopefully, will give our political and military leaders a better basis on which to form decisions in future conflicts....

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1 Between the world wars, even though the US Army Air Corps received more than its fair share of funds from the Army, it continued to complain, agitate, and ask for more. . . . . 1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 Entering World War II, the Air Corps’s unbalanced doctrine and force structure leaned too heavily towards strategic bombing. Thus, air support of ground forces was inadequate and largely ignored by airmen. . . . . 17 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 The Air Corps entered World War II with a “Douhetian” concept of air war that emphasized area bombing and the waging of war on women and children. . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4 Airmen thought they could win the war alone. . . . . . 31 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5 The fact that German production, especially of aircraft, continued to increase throughout 1944 proves that the Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) was ineffective and that the resources devoted to it would have been better spent elsewhere. . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6 B...

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As the nation’s campaign against terrorism proceeds, our military services continue to embrace high technology, advanced sensors, and precision weaponry for use on current battlefields. The term cyber warrior has truly stepped from the pages of science fiction into reality. Equipment and technology do not constitute the only developments, however, because today’s cyber warriors emerge from a society and military culture very different in many respects from those of past generations of warriors....

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1 EMPLOYEE WARRIORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Values Crisis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Harnessing a Different Military . . . . . . . . . . 3 Cultures in Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 2 TRADITIONAL MILITARY CULTURE . . . . . . .7 Professionalism and Homogeneity . . . . . . . .7 Fraternity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Institutional Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Value Studies of the Military . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Traditional Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 THE NEW BUSINESS-SCIENTIFIC CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 New World Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Volunteer Fighting Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Occupational Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Technology and the Great Engineering Venture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Civilian Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Force of Specialists . . . . . ...