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Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web-based publication that contains statistics for 7,106 languages and dialects in the 17th edition, released in 2013.[2] Up until the 16th edition in 2009, the publication was a printed volume. Ethnologue provides information on the number of speakers, location, dialects, linguistic affiliations, availability of the Bible in the language, and an estimate of language viability using the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS).[3][4] William Bright, then editor of Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, wrote of Ethnologue that it "is indispensable for any reference shelf on the languages of the world."[5]
The Ethnologue is published by Bible in their language.[6]
What counts as a language depends on socio-linguistic evaluation. As the preface says, "Not all scholars share the same set of criteria for what constitutes a 'language' and what features define a 'dialect'." Ethnologue follows the general linguistic criteria, which are based primarily on mutual intelligibility.[7] Shared language intelligibility features are complex, and usually include etymological and grammatical evidence agreed upon by experts.[8]
In addition to choosing a primary name for the language, Ethnologue also gives some of the names by which a language is referred to by its speakers, by governments, by foreigners and by neighbors, as well as how it has been named and referenced historically, regardless of which designation is considered official, politically correct or offensive.
In 1984, the Ethnologue released a three-letter coding system, called an "SIL code", to identify each language that it describes. This set of codes significantly exceeded the scope of previous standards, e.g., ISO 639-3.[10]
With the 17th edition, Ethnologue introduced a numerical code for language status, along the lines of Fishman’s Graded Inter-generational Disruption Scale, that ranks a language from 0 for an international language to 10 for an extinct language with no attempt at revival.[11]
Ethnologue's 17th edition describes 225 language families (including 95 language isolates) and 6 typological categories (Deaf sign language, Creole, Pidgin, Mixed language, Constructed language, and as yet unclassified languages).[34][35]
Linguistics, Noam Chomsky, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ferdinand de Saussure, Spanish language
Judaism, Christianity, Hebrew Bible, Biblical canon, Torah
Hostname, World Wide Web, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, File Transfer Protocol, Web browser
British English, Yue Chinese, Language, Islam, World War I
Ethnologue, Arabic language, Aramaic language, Hebrew language, Akkadian language
Ethnologue, Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, Wisconsin
Yunnan, Ethnologue, China, Guangxi, Tai–Kadai languages
Canada, United States, Algonquian languages, Montana, Ethnologue
Ethnologue, Laos, Austroasiatic languages, Khmer language, Bahnaric languages