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...Matrix theory has been one of the most utilised concepts in fuzzy models and neutrosophic models. From solving equations to characterising linear transformations or linear operators, matrices are used. Matrices find their applications in several real models. In fact it ...

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...36, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of New Mexic... ... e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of New Mexico Gallup,... ...ity, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA Copyright 2005 by W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache and K. Ilanthenral Layout by Kama Kandasamy.... ...ta, GA 30302, USA Copyright 2005 by W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache and K. Ilanthenral Layout by Kama Kandasamy. Cover de... ...an be downloaded from this E-Library of Science: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm ISBN: 1931233-95-0 HEXIS Pu... ... 5 Preface Matrix theory has been one of the most utilised concepts in fuzzy models and neutrosophic models. From solving equation... ...a, bigroupoids, bisemigroups, etc. But most of these are abstract algebraic concepts except, the bisemigroup being used in the construction of biau... ... and Kama Kandasamy for formatting this book. W.B.VASANTHA KANDASAMY FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE K. ILANTHENRAL 7 Chapter One BIMATRI... ...e reader to supply proofs for our main motivation is introduce several new concepts and the proofs which are left for the reader is more a matter o...

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...ly invented mathematical tools like bimatrices, trimatrices, n-matrices, bigraphs, trigraphs and n-graphs and describe some of its properties. These concepts are also extended neutrosophically in this book....

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...0036, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of New Mex... ...a e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of New Mexico Gallu... ..., Alaska, USA. Copyright 2005 by Hexis, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache and K.Ilanthenral Layout by Kama Kandas... ...SA. Copyright 2005 by Hexis, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache and K.Ilanthenral Layout by Kama Kandasamy. Cover... ...wnloaded from the following E-Library of Science: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm ISBN: 1931233-98-5 Stand... ...rica 3 CONTENTS Preface 5 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS ON BIMATRICES 1.1 Definition and Basic Operation on Bimatr... ... bigraphs, trigraphs and n-graphs and describe some of its properties. These concepts are also extended neutrosophically in this book. Using th... ...his book is organized into four chapters. The first chapter recalls the basic concepts of bimatrices and neutrosophic bimatrices. Second chapter int... ...rt Kosko, the father of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. W.B.VASANTHA KANDASAMY FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE K.ILANTHENRAL 7 Chapter One ...

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...gebraic tool that can yield itself to applications. With the recent introduction of bimatrices (2005) we have ventured in this book to introduce new concepts like linear bialgebra and Smarandache neutrosophic linear bialgebra and also give the applications of these algebraic structures....

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...6, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of New Mexico... ...e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of New Mexico Gallup, ... ...sore, Karnataka, India. Copyright 2005 by W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache and K. Ilanthenral Layout by Kama Kandasamy. ... ...ataka, India. Copyright 2005 by W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache and K. Ilanthenral Layout by Kama Kandasamy. Cover des... ...andasamy. Many books can be downloaded from: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm ISBN: 1931233-97-7 ... ...TRODUCTORY COCEPTS OF BASIC BISTRUCTURES AND S-BISTRUCTURES 2.1 Basic concepts of bigroups and bivector spaces 37 2.2 Introduction of S-bigr... ...uction of bimatrices (2005) we have ventured in this book to introduce new concepts like linear bialgebra and Smarandache neutrosophic linear bialg... ...ent in every manner made this book possible. W.B.VASANTHA KANDASAMY FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE K. ILANTHENRAL 7 Chapter One I... ...e study of these properties in case of complex fields. Here we recall the concepts of linear functionals, adjoint, unitary operators and normal ope...

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...ms. Further, this book gives lots of references so that the interested reader can make use of them. This book has two chapters. In Chapter One, basic concepts about fuzzy matrices are introduced. Basic notions of matrices are given in section one in order to make the book self contained. Section two gives the properties of fuzzy matrices. Since the data need to be transfor...

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...Preface 4 Dedication 6 Chapter One BASIC MATRIX THEORY AND FUZZY MATRIX THEORY 7 1.1 Basic Matrix Theory 7 1.2 Basic Concepts on Fuzzy Matrices 33 1.3 Basic Concepts on Graphs 47 Chapter Two DESCRIPTION OF SIMPLE FUZZY MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO REAL WORLD PROBLEMS 71 2.1 Description of Simple Fuzzy Matrix Model 72 2.2 Definitio...

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...Preface 5 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS 7 Chapter Two n-VECTOR SPACES OF TYPE I AND THEIR PROPERTIES 13 Chapter Three APPLICATIONS OF n-LINEAR ALGEBRA OF TYPE I 81 Chapter Four SUGGESTED PROBLEMS 103 FURTHER READING 111 INDEX 116 ABOUT THE AUTHOR...

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...Dedication 5 Preface 7 Chapter One INTRODUCTION TO BASIC CONCEPTS 9 1.1 Introduction to Bilinear Algebras and their Generalizations 9 1.2 Introduction to Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures 11 Chapter Two NEUTROSOPHIC LINEAR ALGEBRA 15 2.1 Neutrosophic Bivector Spaces 15 2.2 S...

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...Preface 5 Chapter One INTRODUCTION TO SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 7 1.1 Properties of Rooted Trees 7 1.2 Basic Concepts 9 Chapter Two GROUPS AS GRAPHS 17 Chapter Three IDENTITY GRAPHS OF SOME ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES 89 3.1 Identity Graphs of Semigroups 89 3.2 Special Identity ...

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...ill be helpful in working independently. Also work can be used for extra school work because the reader will find in it important formulas, theorems, concepts, and basic definitions which are not always included in school textbooks....

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...hic bigroup linear algebras, neutrosophic semigroup (bisemigroup) linear algebras and neutrosophic biset bivector spaces. The fuzzy analogue of these concepts are given in chapter six. An interesting feature of this book is it contains nearly 424 examples of these new notions. The final chapter suggests over 160 problems which is another interesting feature of this book....

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... neutrosophic group though has a group structure is not a neutrosophic group and a neutrosophic group cannot be a pseudo neutrosophic group. Both the concepts are different. Now we see a neutrosophic group can have substructures which are pseudo neutrosophic groups which is evident. ...

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...roups or neutrosophic biinterval semigroups. We derive results pertaining to them. The new notion of quasi bisubsemigroups and ideals are introduced. Smarandache interval neutrosophic bisemigroups are also introduced and analysed. Also notions like neutrosophic interval bigroups and their substructures are studied in section two of this chapter. Neutrosophic interval bigro...

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...Preface 5 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS 7 1.1 Neutrosophic Interval Bisemigroups 8 1.2 Neutrosophic Interval Bigroups 32 1.3 Neutrosophic Biinterval Groupoids 41 1.4 Neutrosophic Interval Biloops 57 Chapter Two NEUTROSOPHIC INTERVAL BIRINGS AND NEU...

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...poids and quasi loops. This new notion is well illustrated by 140 examples. These can find applications only in due course of time, when these new concepts become familiar. The final chapter suggests over 300 problems some of which are research problems....

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...THEOREM 2.1: Let G = {C(Zn), *, (t, u); t, u ∈ Zn} be a complex modulo integer groupoid. If H ⊆ G is such that H is a Smarandache modulo integer subgroupoid, then G is a Smarandache complex modulo integer groupoid. But every subgroupoid of G need not be a Smarandache complex modulo interger subgroupoid even if G is a Smarandache groupoid. ...

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...In this chapter we only indicate as reference of those the concepts we are using in this book. However the interested reader should refer them for a complete understanding of this book. In this book we define the notion of natural product in matrices so that we have a nice natural pr...

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...Preface 5 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS 7 Chapter Two NON ASSOCIATIVE SEMILINEAR ALGEBRAS 13 Chapter Three NON ASSOCIATIVE LINEAR ALGEBRAS 83 Chapter Four GROUPOID VECTOR SPACES 111 Chapter Five APPLICATION OF NON ASSOCIATIVE VECTOR SPACES / LIN...

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... neutrosophic group though has a group structure is not a neutrosophic group and a neutrosophic group cannot be a pseudo neutrosophic group. Both the concepts are different. Now we see a neutrosophic group can have substructures which are pseudo neutrosophic groups which is evident from the following example....

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...e form [a, b] where a b or a and b not comparable. In the final chapter we have defined the new notion of bimatrices and n-matrices. Using these new concepts we have constructed linear algebra of type I and linear algebra of type II. Using these matrices we can build n-eigen values and n-eigen vectors....

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...Preface 5 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS 7 Chapter Two ALGEBRAIC LINEAR CODES AND THEIR PROPERTIES 29 Chapter Three ERASURE DECODING OF MAXIMUM RANK DISTANCE CODES 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Maximum Rank Distance Codes 51 3.3 Erasure Decoding of MRD...

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...simple and an effective one as it can analyse the data by directed graphs and connection matrices. DEFINITION 1.2.1: An FCM is a directed graph with concepts like policies, events etc. as nodes and causalities as edges. It represents causal relationship between concepts. Example 1.2.1: In Tamil Nadu (a southern state in India) in the last decade several new engineering c...

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...Dedication 5 Preface 6 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS 1.1 Definition of Interval Matrices and Examples 8 1.2 Definition of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps 9 1.3 An Introduction to Neutrosophy 13 1.4 Some Basic Neutrosophic Structures 16 1.5 Some Basic Notions about Neutrosoph...

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... WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Fuzzy matrices and their applications 9 1.2 Definition and illustration of Fuzzy Relational Maps (FRMs) 16 1.3 Some basic concepts of BAM with illustration 20 1.3.1 Some basic concepts of BAM 22 1.3.2 Use of BAM Model to study the cause of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and factors for migration 28 1.4 Introduction to Fuzzy Associative Memories (F...

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...; therefore he introduced new terms ‘contingency’ and ‘possibility’ into his modal logic [5]. And then American logician Lewis first formulated these concepts of logical modality. ...

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...Part I Advances on DSmT 1 Chapter 1 An introduction to DSmT 3 by J. Dezert and F. Smarandache 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Foundations of DSmT . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 The power set, hyper-power set and super-power set . . 6 1.2.2 Notion of free and hybrid DSm models . . . . 18 1.2.3 Ge...

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...gebraic structures viz. neutrosophic fields, neutrosophic vector spaces and neutrosophic matrices. So we for the first time introduce and study these concepts. As our analysis in this book is application of neutrosophic algebraic structure we found it deem fit to first introduce and study neutrosophic graphs and their applications to neutrosophic models....

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...36, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of New Mexic... ... e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of New Mexico Gallup,... ...re, Karnataka, India. Copyright 2004 by W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy and Florentin Smarandache Layout by Kama Kandasamy. Cover design by Mee... ...aka, India. Copyright 2004 by W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy and Florentin Smarandache Layout by Kama Kandasamy. Cover design by Meena Kandasa... ...Kandasamy. Many books can be downloaded from: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm ISBN: 1-931233-87-X ... ...d neutrosophic matrices. So we for the first time introduce and study these concepts. As our analysis in this book is application of neutrosophic al... ...is devoted for this purpose. Chapter Three introduces many new neutrosophic concepts in graphs and applies it to the case of neutrosophic cognitive ... ...standing of Periyar's ideology and approach. W.B.VASANTHA KANDASAMY FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE 7 Chapter One Introduction to So... ...at is when we are not in a position to associate a relation between any two concepts then we denote it as an indeterminacy or when a concept cannot ...

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...This book has six chapters. The first one is introductory in nature just giving only the needed concepts to make this book a self contained one. Chapter two introduces the notion of refined plane of labels, the three dimensional space of refined labels DSm vector spaces. Clearly any n-dimensional space of refined labels...