World War II casualties

1. ^A^ Albania

• No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead. Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses.^[14]
• Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 200, these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania. Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust.^[190]

1. ^B^ Australia

• The Australian War Memorial^[15] reports 39,648 military deaths. This figure includes all personnel who died from war-related causes during 1939–47.
• According to official statistics Australian battle casualties included 27,073 killed, died of wounds or died as POW; wounded or injured in action were 23,477,these figures exclude non-battle casualties, such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes.^[312][313]
• The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world,^[314] are included in the total civilian deaths. Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships.
• The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded and 26,363 POWs.^[305]

1. ^C^ Austria

• Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included with Germany.^[315]
• Austrian civilian casualties were 99,700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24,000 killed in Allied air raids. The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. "For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing" raids.^[149]

1. ^D^ Belgium

• Belgian government sources reported 12,000 military war dead which included (8,800 killed, 500 missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs) and civilian losses of 73,000 which included (32,200 deaths due to military operations, 3,400 executed, 8,500 political deportees, 5,000 workers in Germany and 27,000 Jewish Holocaust victims).^[316]
• Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures, they are included with German military casualties.^[317]

1. ^E^ Brazil

• The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510,^[318] Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492.^[19]
• Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers.^[19]

1. ^F^ Bulgaria

• Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths^[319]
• There were 3,000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1,400 in the bombing of Sofia^[320]
• A Russian journalist in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties:Military deaths: 2,000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.^[321] Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes "According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. The communists claim that 20–35,000 persons died. In reality deaths were 10,000, including and unknown number of civilians."^[321]

1. ^G^ Burma

• Military casualties with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army were 400 killed in action, 1,500 other deaths, 715 missing, 2,000 wounded and 800 POW^[21]
• Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totalled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.^[21]
• Werner Gruhl estimates 70,000 Asian laborers died cruelly during the construction of the Burma Railway.^[322]

1. ^H^ Canada

• The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths. An additional 700 military dead from Newfoundland are included with the U.K.^[22]
• The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country.^[323]
• The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045.^[324]

1. ^I^ China

Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below.

• John W. Dower has noted "So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain 'millions' of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union." Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9 million.^[38]
• According to Rana Mitter "the death toll on China is still being calculated, but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million" ^[325] Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by Odd Arne Westad of 2 million combat deaths and 12 civilian deaths, Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in 2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10 million.^[326]
• An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that "a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937-1945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000"^[28] This study cited a Chinese Nationalist source that put total civilian casualties at 2,144,048 (1,073,496 killed; 237,319 wounded; 71,050 captured by Japanese ; 335,934 killed in Japanese air raids; 426,249 wounded in air raids), military casualties at 6,750,000 (1,500,000 killed; 3,000,000 wounded; 750,000 missing; 1,500,000 deaths caused by sickness,etc.^[327] In addition 960,000 collaborator forces and 446,736 Communist were killed or wounded^[327]
• The official Chinese government (communist) statistic for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937–1945 is 20 million dead and 15 million wounded.^[328]
• Chinese scholar Bianxiu Yue has published a study of China's population losses in the Second Sino-Japanese War . He put total Chinese losses at 20.6 million dead and 14.2 million injured.^[329]
• Official Nationalist Chinese casualty figures were: killed 1,319,958; wounded 1,716,335 and missing 130,126,^[330] An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are "unreasonably low" and "highly suspect"^[331]
• R. J. Rummel's estimate of total war dead from 1937–45 is 19,605,000.^[332] Military dead: 3,400,000 (including 400,000 POW) Nationalist/Communist, and 432,000 collaborator forces.Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes (not including an additional 400,000 POWs).Other deaths: Repression by Chinese Nationalists 5,907,000 (3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the 1938 Yellow River flood); political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.
• Werner Gruhl estimates China's total war losses at 15,554,000, Civilians :12,392,000 including (8,191,000) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000.^[27]

1. ^J^ Cuba

• Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners.^[19]

1. ^K^ Czechoslovakia

• According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1/1/1939(within post war 1945-1992 borders )was 14,612,000^[30] The population in 1939 included about 3.3 million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war.
• Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340,000 persons, 46,000 military and 294,000 civilians^[31]
• A Russian journalist in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties:^[32]
  35,000 Military deaths: including: killed during 1938 occupation (171); Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front (4,570); Slovak Republic Axis forces (7,000); Czechs in German forces (5,000), partisan losses 10,000 and (5,000) POWs.
  320,000 Civilian deaths: (10,000) in bombing and shelling; (22,000) executed; (285,000 in camps including 270,000 Jews, 8,000 Roma); and (3,000) forced laborers in Germany.^[32]

1. ^L^ Denmark

• The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark's losses in the war of about 8,000 persons including 2,685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids, resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3,000 who died outside Denmark including (2,000 merchant seamen, 63 serving with Allied forces, 600 in German camps, 400 workers in Germany). In addition 2,000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the Germany military.^[33]

1. ^M^ Dutch East Indies

• The United Nations reported in 1947 that "about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation." They reported, "The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from, hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age."^[333]
• John W. Dower cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia.^[38]
• Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans.^[334]

• A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944–45, leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4 million Indonesians perished.^[37]
• Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign^[335]
• Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37,000 of whom 8,500 died.^[336]
• The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies of whom 13,567 died.^[336]

1. ^MA^ Egypt

• Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded. The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields.^[337]

1. ^N^ Estonia

• Estonia's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression.^[40]

• Soviet occupation 1940-41 dead and missing of 43,900 including (7,800) arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union; (6,000) deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union; (24,000) mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and (1,100) persons who went missing)
• Losses during the 1941–1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 23,040, including (7,800) executed by Nazis and (1,040) killed in prison camps. (200) people died in forced labor in Germany. (800) deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities, (1,000) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and (1,000) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944–45. (10,000) Estonians were war dead in the Germany armed forces and (1,000) surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets.^[338] Included in the above figures is the genocide of (243) Roma people and (929)Jews^[339]
• After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R 16,000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944–53.^[340]
• Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83,000 persons (7.3% of the population).^[250]

1. ^O^ Ethiopia

• Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000 including 15,000 native military with Italian forces.^[41]
• Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000.^[341]

• The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead . The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in East African Campaign^[342]
• These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935–41. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935–41.^[343] However, R. J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans killed by the Italians from the 1920s–41, his estimate is "based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program 'Timewatch'" 1/17/92.^[344]

1. ^P^ Finland

• Military dead include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union, as well as action against German forces in 1944–45. Winter War (1939–40) losses were 22,830, military deaths from 1941–44 were 58,715, and 1,036 in 1944–45 in the Lapland War.^[42]
• The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish war dead. The war dead database 1939-1945 includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army, navy or the air force. It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS-men who died while serving in the German army.The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery. That was sometimes done if the deceased was, for example, an ammunition worker, air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war. Some parishes continued burying in second world war military cemeteries up to the 1980s.^[345]
• Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War.^[346]
• During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns in combat.
• 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS and 256 were killed in action.^[347]
• Civilian war dead were 2,000,^[43] due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War II.

1. ^Q^ France

• French military war of 210,000 dead include 150,000 regular forces (1939–40 Battle of France 92,000; 1940–45 on Western Front (World War II) 58,000); 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany.^[348] Civilian losses of 390,000 include:(60,000 killed in bombardments, 60,000 in land fighting, 30,000 murdered in executions, 60,000 political deportees, 40,000 workers in Germany, 100,000 victims of Nazi genocide( Jews & Roma) and 40,000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine,)^[348]
• The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000.^[349] They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France; regular soldiers and members of the resistance.^[350]
• Vadim Erlikman a Russian journalist, estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000.^[351]
• 752 civilians were killed during the US air attacks on French Tunisia in 1942–43.^[352]
• R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.^[197]

1. ^R^ French Indochina

• John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation.^[263]

• Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000.^[334]
• Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944–45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million.^[44]

1. ^S^ Germany

The following notes summarize German casualties, the details are presented in German casualties in World War II.

German population

• The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png was 69.3 million persons^[45]
• Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war. According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office) the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7,423,300 persons ( 249,500 Baltic states & Memel; 380,000 Danzig; 1,371,000 Poland (1939 Borders) ; 3,477,000 Czechoslovakia; 623,000 Hungary; 536,800 Yugoslavia; and 786,000 Romania).^[353][354] These German estimates are disputed. A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that "Generally speaking, the German estimates... are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses". He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions.^[355]

Total German war dead

• (1949)The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,483,000; (3,250,000)military; (500,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,533,000) deaths in the expulsions from Poland and ( 200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe^[356]
• (1953) The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated total war dead of 6,000,000; (3,100,000)military; (600,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (800,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland ( 300,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution, (1,200,000) increase in natural deaths due to the war. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.^[357]
• (1956) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,650,000; (3,760,000)military; (430,000)civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,260,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland and ( 200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.^[358]
• (1961) The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7,032,800 war dead: (military dead 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and 432,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe); (430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders); (300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution including 170,000 Jews); (expulsion dead 1,224,900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885,900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe) These figures do not include Austria.^[359] The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, listed Austrian casualties as 250,000 military dead and 24,000 civilians killed in bombing raids^[146]
• (1984) A German demographic study estimated 6,900,000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png. (3,800,000)military and (3,100,000) civilians.^[45]
• (1991) A German demographic study estimated 5,450,000 to 5,600,000 war dead (4,300,000 military dead; 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882,000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland). These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe^[360]
• (1998) A German demographic study estimated 5,500,000 to 6,900,000 war dead. These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940.^[361]
• (2005) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800: (3,100,000 soldiers killed; 1,200,000 soldiers missing; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.^[362]

German military casualties

• (1945)The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command (OKW) as of January 31, 1945 put total military losses at 2,001,399 dead, 1,902,704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4,429,875 wounded.^[363]

• (1946)The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. estimated German military dead at 3,250,000.^[364]
• (1947)The combined staff of the U.K., Canada and the U.S. prepared " A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933-1945". They estimated German casualties up until April 30, 1945 at 2,230,324 dead, 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies.^[365][366]
• (1960) The West German government issued figures of the war losses. Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 (3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png; 430,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250,000 Austria.)^[146]

• (1974) The Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs, including 1.1 million in the USSR.^[367]
• (1985) The Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war, they do not compile figures of the total war dead. By 1985 they had identified 3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 million missing and presumed dead.^[366] The Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) reported the same figures in 2005^[362]
• (1993) The Russian historian G.Krivosheev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000^[170] According to Krivosheev 450,600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity (356,700 in camps and 93,900 in transit)^[368]
• (2000) Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office^[369] provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records at the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt). The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany). The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000 (4,456,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and 539,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe, 261,000 Austria and 63,000 foreign nationals from western European nations). The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service^[147] The details of the Overmans study are presented in German casualties in World War II. In a separate study Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1.1 million men including (1.0 million)in the USSR^[370]

Civilian Casualties

1. ^S1^ Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s reported about 2,950,000 civilian war dead : 434,000 air raid dead (410,000 Germany,24,000 Austria^[371] 300,00 deaths due to Nazi racial, religious and political persecution not including victims of the Nazi euthanasia program.^[372] Austrian sources put the number of victims of the Nazis at at 100,000.;^[373] 2,111,000 Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east-central Europe.^[374][375] The German government still maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished during the flight and expulsions from Eastern Europe.^[376]

1. ^S2^ Recent research indicates about 1,550,000 civilian war dead: 353,000 000 air raid dead^[377] 300,000 00 deaths due to Nazi racial, religious and political persecution in Germany^[378] and 100,000 in Austria;.^[373] German government sources reported 200,000 victims of the Nazi euthanasia program^[379] Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east-central Europe were 600,000 according to a report by the German Federal Archive^[380]

Civilian casualties in air raids

• (1956) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945. These figures include 593,000 Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png (410,000 civilians, 32,000 foreigners and POW and 23,000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127,000 civilians and 1,000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front). There were an additional 42,000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories( 26,000 civilians, 7,000 foreigners and POW and 1,000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7,000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front)^{[384][385][386]}
• Historian Richard Overy in 2014 published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead. He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000. Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system. He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300,000 people which he believes is not plausible. The official figures include an inflated total of 60,000 in the Bombing of Dresden and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward.^[153]

Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign

• The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders, not including the former German territories in Poland.^[146] However, there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only.^[387]

Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution

• The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including 170,000 German Jews)^[362][388]
• A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons.^[389]

Expulsion and flight of the Germans

The following notes summarize German expulsion casualties, the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) , the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union' and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans. The figures for these losses are currently disputed, estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2 million by the West German government in 1958 .^[390] German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000.^[391] English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s.^{[392][393][394][395][396][397][398][399][400][401]}

• (1950) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions.(1.5 million in prewar 1937 Germany Oder–Neisse line#/media/File:Oder-neisse.gif and 1.5 million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe)^[402]
• (1954-1961) The Schieder commission made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons, broken out as follows: 2,000,000 Poland (in post war borders) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia; 225,600 Czechoslovakia; 69,000 Yugoslavia; 40,000 Romania; 6,000 Hungary.^[403]
• (1958) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the war, post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, broken out as follows: Germany in 1937 borders Oder–Neisse line#/media/File:Oder-neisse.gif 1,339,000; Poland in 1939 borders 185,000; Danzig 83,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Romania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,000.^[146][404]
• (1965), The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions, broken out as follows: 367,392 Poland(in post war borders); 18,889 Sudetenland; 64,779 Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia; 9,064 Baltic States ; and 12,889 Germans resettled in Poland. There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing. The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987.^{[405][406][407][408][409]}
• (1966)The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 (1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders Oder–Neisse line#/media/File:Oder-neisse.gif and 886,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe)^[375][410]
• (1974)A study by the German Federal Archive estimated a death toll of 600,000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR. (400,000 in Poland (in post war borders) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia; 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia.) The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused violent acts and inhumanities and do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease. This report was kept secret and not published until 1989.^[411]
• (1985) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows: (870,000Germany in 1937 borders east of the Oder–Neisse line; 108,000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war; 174,000 Poland in 1939 borders ; 40,000 Danzig; 220,000 Czechoslovakia; 106,000 Yugoslavia; 75,000 Romania; 84,000 Hungary; 33,000 Baltic States; 310,000 USSR)^[412]
• The German government maintains that 2.0 to 2.5 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. They believe that the figure is correct because it includes additional deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions.^{[376][413][414][415]}

The German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5 million civilian deaths due to the expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive.

• German historian Rüdiger Overmans published a study of German military casualties, this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths.^[416] Overmans did however provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions. Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support, he maintains that a figure of 500,000 expulsion dead is credible and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures, he believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions. According to Overmans the figure of 1.9 million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable because it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe, also the figures for expellees living in the GDR was understated.^{[417][418][419]}
• German historian Ingo Haar called into question the validity of the official government figure of 2.0 million expulsion deaths in a 2006 article in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung.^[420] Since then Haar has published three articles in academic journals that covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions. According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons. Haar's research indicates that all reasonable estimates of deaths from expulsions lie between around 500,000 and 600,000, he maintains that deaths due to disease, hunger and other conditions are already included in these numbers.^{[421][422][423][424]}
• The German Historical Museum puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600,000, they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported.^[425]
• A joint Czech–German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable.^[426]
• Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland, not including other eastern European countries. Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400,000 ( in Poland only) that was disclosed in 1989. According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor, and after the resettlement in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany.^[427]
• Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk believe that between 600,000 and 1.2 million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations. The main causes of death were cold, stress, and bombing .^[428] According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200,000-250,000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15,000-60,000 perished.^[429]

Post war increase in natural deaths

• German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties. The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war. Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany^[357] The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths from 1939-1946 due to natural causes at 7,130,000 persons, the demographic study by Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5,900,000 persons, a difference of 1,230,000 excess deaths.^[45] In Allied-occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47. The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health.^[430]

1. ^T^ Greece

• The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages.^[431][432]
• The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. Military dead 35,077, including: 13,327 killed in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41; 1,100 with the Greek Royal Forces in the Middle East, and 20,650 partisan deaths. Civilian deaths 171,845, including: 56,225 executed by Axis forces; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps (including Jews); 7,120 deaths due to bombing; 3,500 merchant marine dead; 600,000 Famine deaths during the war^[49]

• A study published by Cambridge University Press in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300,000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition^[50]

• Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year-Book of the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war. He points out that that "the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent". His estimates for Greek losses are as follows: the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non-Jewish deportees, 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.^[433]

• In campaigns against the Greek Resistance the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians, the most notorious were the Distomo massacre and the Massacre of Kalavryta. According to the German historian Dieter Pohl at least 25,000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions. Pohl maintains that about 1 million persons (14% of the population) were displaced in the campaigns against the Greek Resistance because their homes were destroyed or were expelled and became refugees^[434]

1. ^TA^ Guam

• Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two. The local Guam Organic Act of 1950.
• According to an official U.S. report during the Battle of Guam on December 8–10, 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle.^[435] However, Japanese sources reported 40–50 of the local population killed.^[436]
• Between 1,000^[52] to 2,000^[53] Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of Guam from December 10, 1941, to August 10, 1944 including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the Battle of Guam (1944).^[53]

1. ^U^ Hungary

• Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses.
  Military losses were 300,000 to 310,000 including 110–120,000 killed in action and 200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20-25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service.^[54] About 210,000 were from Hungary in the 1939 borders and about 100,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia.^[55]
  Civilian dead within the borders of present-day Hungary included 220,000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44,000 deaths from military operations^[55]

1. ^V^ Iceland

• Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.^[57]

1. ^W^ India

• India which was a British Colony during World War II included the present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the British Raj.
• The war dead of 87,028 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission,^[437]
• Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War. Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.^[438]
• The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489.^[305] Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.^[233]
• The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing.^[21]

Bengal famine of 1943

• John W. Dower estimated 1.5 million civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943.^[60]
• [61]

1. ^X^ Iran

• Losses during allied occupation in 1941.^[63]

1. ^Y^ Iraq

• Losses during Anglo-Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941.^[63]
• According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum between 150-180 Jews were killed in the Farhud pogram in 1941 ^[65]

1. ^Z^ Ireland

• Despite being neutral, Ireland suffered casualties serving as volunteers in the UK Armed Forces as well as civilians killed by accidental bombings and U-boat attacks by Germany.
• According to [439]
• In April 1995 Taoiseach [439]
• The civilian death figure includes 33 Irish merchantmen were killed when a U-Boat torpedoed the SS Irish Pine (1919) and deaths caused by the presumably accidental bombing of Ireland in three instances.^[67]

1. ^AA^ Italy

• Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters in Italy and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces.^[446]
• Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews.^[197]
• According to Martin Gilbert Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya^[192]

±# ^AB^ Japan

• Estimates for total Japanese war dead from 1937-1945 range from at least 2.5 million^[447] to 3.237 million^[73]

Military Dead

• According to John W. Dower the Japanese source Showa Shi – 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead from 1937-1941 in the Second Sino-Japanese War at 185,467^[448]
• In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21, 1946 at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded^[449][450] These figures do not include an additional 240,000 missing Army personnel. The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions.^[449] The details of these figures are as follows:^[451][452]

• In 1964 the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare put the number of military dead at 2,121,000, including civilians, Koreans and Taiwanese serving with the armed forces.^[453] The details of this figure are listed below:

• The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead from 1935-1945 were 1,687,738(1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy)^[455]
• The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 191,250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the Second Sino-Japanese War and 2,133,915 in the Pacific War Their figures include civilians who participated in combat and Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces.
• According to the calculations of Werner Gruhl Japanese military war dead were 2,565,878 (250,000 from 1931–41 and 2,315,878 from 1942-45)^[73]
• John W. Dower Dower maintains that "only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness and starvation."^[456] According to Dower over 300,000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets. Japanese figures as of 12/31/1948 listed 469,074 missing personnel in Soviet hands, while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95,000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374,041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead.^[457] According to Dower "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied(non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities.^[458][459]
• The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951-1960 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war. The details of these losses are as follows: 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 on Sakhalin and 103,000 in the USSR.^[460]
• The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures. Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 (61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured(609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces).^[461]

Civilian Dead

• The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment. Total casualties were 668,315 including 299,485 dead, 24,010 missing and 344,820 injured. These figures include the casualties in Tokyo (東京 ) 97,031 dead, 6,034 missing and 113,923 injured; in Hiroshima (広島) 86,141 dead, 14,394 missing and 46,672 injured, in Nagasaki (長崎 ) 26,238 dead, 1,947 missing and 41,113 injured.^{[462][463][464]} According to John W. Dower an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668,000, a figure which includes dead, missing and injured.^[458]
• A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140,000 (± 10,000) in Hiroshima and 70,000 (± 10,000) in Nagasaki. According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was "lost and not discovered until twenty years later" , they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945. The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons.^[465] The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by John W. Dower in his 'War Without Mercy ^[466]
• According to the World Nuclear Association, "In Hiroshima, of a resident civilian population of 250,000 it was estimated that 45,000 died on the first day and a further 19,000 during the subsequent four months. In Nagasaki, out of a population of 174,000, 22,000 died on the first day and another 17,000 within four months. Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added considerably to these figures. About 15 square kilometers (over 50%) of the two cities was destroyed. It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103,000 deaths, or of the further deaths in military personnel, which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions." They also noted that "To the 103,000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation-induced cancers and leukemia, which amounted to some 400 within 30 years, and which may ultimately reach about 550. (Some 93,000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later.)"^[467]
• The Radiation Effects Research Foundation puts the number of deaths (within two to four months), in Hiroshima at 90,000 to 166,000 persons and in Nagasaki at 60,000 to 80,000 persons. They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts, as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure. The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed; entire families perished, leaving no one to report deaths; and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities^[468]
• The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U.S. bombing.

1-Summary Report (July 1946) Total civilian casualties in Japan, as a result of 9 months of air attack, including those from the atomic bombs, were approximately 806,000. Of these, approximately 330,000 were fatalities.^[469]

2-United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing.^[470]

3-The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. Summary report (1947) Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war.^[471]

4-The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3 million injured, the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30%.^[472]

5-Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties. The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions. Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings, disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery, or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining. No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed. Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities, the constant threat of incendiary raids, and the formal evacuation programs of the Government, an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan. In this uncertain situation, estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima, and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki. The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000, with an equal number injured; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate. ^[473]

• John W. Dower puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 and 150,000 in Battle of Okinawa.^[458]
• War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000.^[474]

1. ^AC^ Korea

• American researcher R. J. Rummel estimated 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel, "Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated."^[475]

• Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533,000^[476]

• John W. Dower has noted "Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work, mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".^[477]

1. ^AD^ Latvia

• Independent Russian journalist Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead from 1941-45 at 220,000^[80]

1. ^AE^ Lithuania

• Independent Russian journalist Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead from 1941-45 at 345,000^[82]

1. ^AF^ Luxembourg

• Total war dead were 5,000^[478] which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army.

1. ^AG^ Malaya and Singapore

• The British colony of Malaya consisted of the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States. Today they are the nations Malaysia and Singapore.
• According to John W. Dower "Malayan officials after the war claimed, possibly with exaggeration, that as many as 100,000 residents, mostly Chinese, may have been killed by the Japanese; of 73,000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma-Siam railway, 25,000 were reported to have died.^[479]
• According to Werner Gruhl in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5,000 to 10,000 Chinese in 1942. In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50,000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war^[480]

1. ^AH^ Malta

• About 1,500 civilians were killed during the Siege of Malta (World War II)^[481] Maltese civilian war dead are included with the U.K. by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

1. ^AI^ Mexico

• Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners.^[88] A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths.

1. ^AJ^ Mongolia

• Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol (200) and the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria (72) campaigns.^[90]

1. ^AK^ Nauru

• During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands, where 463 died. The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946.^[92]

1. ^BG^ Nepal

• Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army during the Second World War. The war dead reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for India include Nepalese in the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army.^[482]
• Gurkha casualties can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.^[438]

1. ^AL^ Netherlands

• The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead.^[483]

1. ^AM^ Newfoundland

• Newfoundland's losses are not listed separately since they served with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war. According to the Canadian War Museum " Over 700 Newfoundlanders also died during the war.^[22]
• The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland,^[484]
• Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942.^[97]

1. ^AN^ New Zealand

• The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671^[99]
• The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453.^[305]

1. ^AO^ Norway

1. ^AP^ Papua New Guinea

• Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters.^[103]

1. ^AQ^ Philippines

• According to Werner Gruhl the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527,000 (27,000 military dead, 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine). Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes, such as the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 100,000 Filipinos^[104]

• Between 5,000 to 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops,Scouts, Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the Bataan Death March.^[485]

1. ^AR^ Poland

Total Polish war dead

• Czesław Łuczak in 1993 estimated Poland's war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million, including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 2.0 million ethnic Polish victims of the German and Soviet occupations, (1.5 million under German occupation and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation).^[486] Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20% of Poland's pre-war population.^[487][488]
• In 2009, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression. The IPN's figures include 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust and 2,770,000 ethnic Poles.^[489] including ("Direct War Losses" −543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" −506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000.)^[490] Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2,830,000 Jews (including 1,860,000 Polish Jews) in the extermination camps in Poland, in addition over 1.0 million Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in ghettos.^[489]

• Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated Poland's losses in World War II to be 5.6 million; including 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust, 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943–44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians.^[491]
• The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust. "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that at least 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war.^[492]

• Total losses by geographic area were about 4.4 million in present-day Poland and about 1.6 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.^[493][494] The Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.^[180] Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths.^[495]

• The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939, including the territories annexed by the USSR.^[496] The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3.0 million Jews and 2.0 million ethnic Poles, not including other ethnic groups (Ukrainians and Belarussians). They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead, but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war.^[488][497]

Polish losses during the Soviet occupation (1939–1941)

• In August 2009, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.^[180]
• Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.^[248]
• In 2005 [498]
• An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000.^[499]

Polish military casualties

• Poland lost a total of 139,800 regular soldiers and 100,000 Polish resistance movement fighters during the war.^[488] Polish military casualties. Military dead and missing were 66,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland, in addition 17,000–19,000 were killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12,000 died in German POW camps.^[500] The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command. Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action, 8,548 missing in action, 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned.^[500] The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120,000–130,000 Polish civilians and 16,000–17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters.^[488][501] The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online.^[502]

• During the war, 2,762,000^[503] Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste. A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces,^[504] these men were conscripted in violation of international law.^[505] The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimates 200,000–210,000 Polish citizens, including 76,000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940–1941 during the occupation of the eastern regions. The (IPN) also reported that the Germans conscripted 250,000 Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht, 89,300 later deserted and joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West.^[490]

1. ^AS^ Timor

• Officially neutral, East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942–45. Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. The Australian Dept. of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40,000 to 70,000.^[112] However, another source puts the death toll at 40,000 to 50,000.^[506]

2. ^AT^ Romania
• Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians ^[507]
• Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000. Total killed were 93,326 (72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies). Total missing and POW were 341,765 (283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies), only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity.^[508]
• Civilian losses included 160,000 Jewish Holocaust dead,^[190] the genocide of Roma people 36,000 and 7,693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania^[509]
1. ^AU^ Ruanda Urundi
• The 1943 famine in Ruanda which took 300,000 lives was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo.^[114][510]
• Since Rwanda was not occupied nor the supply of food cut off, these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties. However, at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine in Ruanda to the Bengal famine of 1943 which is attributed to the war.^[511]
1. ^AW^ South Africa
• The war dead of 11,906 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission,^[512]
• The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589.^[305]
1. ^AX^ South Pacific Mandate
• This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
• Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities.^[513]
• John W. Dower put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000^[458]
1. ^AY^ Soviet Union

The following notes summarize Soviet casualties, the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

• A 1993 report published by the Russian Academy of Science estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26.6 million.^{[6][173][514]} The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing from 1941 to 1945 at 8,668,400^[295][296] These figures have generally been accepted by historians in the west.^{[515][516][517]}

Total population losses

• Russian demographers E.M. Andreev, L.E. Darski and T. L. Kharkova (ADK) authored a study of the Soviet population from 1922–1991 which was published by the Russian Academy of Science, they put total losses from 1941–1945 at 26.6 million^[6][518] which is the figure accepted by the Russian government for total losses in the war.
• According to the Russian demographer Dr. L. L. Rybakovsky there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars. He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21.8 million up to 28.0 million. Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia. Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46.0 million by counting the population deficit due to children not born during the war. Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20 million births in 1946, some would have been born but died during the war and the balance were never born. The figures for the number of children born during the war who did not survive as well as those unborn are rough estimates.^[519]

Military Casualties

• The official Russian Ministry of Defense figure for military total dead and missing from 1941 to 1945 is 8,668,400; including 6,330,000 killed in action or died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes; 500,000 MIA and 1,283,000 dead and missing POW. Official Russian figures indicate 4,559,000 POWs and missing, out of which about 500,000 missing were killed in battle, 939,700 were conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated, 1,836,000 liberated POWs are known to have returned to the USSR after the war, this leaves 1,103,300 POW presumed dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries after the war.^[295][296]
• Richard Overy has noted that "The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted".^[520]
• The official Russian statistics issued in 1993 for military dead do not include an additional estimated 500,000 conscripted reservists missing or killed before being listed on active strength, 1,000,000 civilians treated as POW by Germany; and an estimated 150,000 militia and 250,000 Soviet partisan dead, who are considered civilian war losses in the official figures.^[521] The estimate by most western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands.^[197]
• In 2000, the late S. N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University^[522] published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime casualty statistics, he estimated actual Soviet military war dead at more than 10.9 million persons. He maintained that the official figures cannot be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated^[523]
• The figure of 8.7 million war dead is based on the field reports of the Red Army and the reconciliation of the balance for persons conscripted. An alternative method to determine Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives data base listing the names of the individual war dead and missing. S. A. Il’enkov an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense maintains "We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000".^[524]
• There were additional casualties in 1939–40, which totalled 136,945: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931); Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139); and the Winter War with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).^[271]
• The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online.^[525]

Civilian war dead

• In 1995 the Russian Academy of Science published a report that analyzed Soviet losses in the war. They estimated civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons, which included 7.4 million deaths caused by direct, intentional actions of violence, 2.2 million deaths of civilians deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. The authors cited sources published in the Soviet era to support these figures.^[526]
• Russian demographers E.M. Andreev, L.E. Darski and T. L. Kharkova (ADK) study of the Soviet population from 1922–1991 estimated that there was an increase of 1.3 million in Infant mortality caused by the war.^[515][518]
• The Russian Academy of Science report estimated an additional 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans.^[527]
1. ^AZ^ Spain
• There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the German Army in the U.S.S.R. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.^[528]
• R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.^[197]
1. ^BA^ Sweden
• During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat.^[131]
• 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943.
• During the war, Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by German and Soviet submarines and 2,000 merchant seamen were killed.^[529]
1. ^BB^ Switzerland
• The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties.^[530][531]
1. ^BC^ Thailand
• Military deaths included: 108 dead in the French–Thai War (1940–41)^[532] and 5,559 who died either resisting the Japanese invasion (1941), or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the Burma Campaign of 1942–45.^[533]
• Allied bombing in 1944–45 caused 2,000 civilian deaths.^[534]
• Unlike other parts of South East Asia, Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war.^[535]
1. ^BD^ Turkey
• The Refah tragedy (Turkish: Refah faciası) refers to a maritime disaster during World War II, when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey, carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said, Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine. Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard, only 32 survived.^[138]
1. ^BE^ United Kingdom and Colonies
• The Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported a total of 383,718 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non-dominion British colonies, figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947 ^[536]
• The Commonwealth War Graves Commission also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection (including foreign nationals) who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67,170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour.^[537]
• The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the U.K. war losses. This report (HMSO 6832) listed:^[277][538]
  
         Total war dead of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624);
         Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard (1,206) and Civilians (60,595).
         The total still missing on 2/28/1946 were 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18);
         Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0).
         These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia.
          Colonial forces are not included in these figures.
         There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures.
         Deaths due to air and V-rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard.
• The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115.^[305]
• UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces.^[539] UK colonial forces included units from East Africa, West Africa, Ghana, the Caribbean, Malaya, Burma, Hong Kong, Jordan, Sudan, Malta and the Jewish Brigade. The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army, and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing.^[540] Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War. Included with U.K. casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany. There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland (17); Czechoslovakia (5); Netherlands (1); Free French (7); Yugoslavia (2); Belgium (3); Greece (3); Norway (2). Volunteers from the United States served in 3 R.A.F. squadrons known as the Eagle Squadrons. Many foreign nationals served in the U.K. Merchant Navy.
1. ^BF^ United States

American military dead#^BF1^

• Total U.S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407,316. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 318,274,^[279] Navy 62,614,^[279] Marine Corps 24,511,^[279] and the Coast Guard 1,917.^[541][542]
• Deaths in battle were 292,131. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 234,874,^[279] Navy 36,950,^[279] Marine Corps 19,733,^[279] and Coast Guard 574.^[481][541] These losses were incurred during the period 12/1/41 until 12/31/46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats.
• The United States Army Air Forces losses, which are included in the Army total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes.^[281]
• U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war: Europe–Atlantic 183,588 (Army ground forces 141,088, Army Air Forces 36,461, and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039); Asia–Pacific 108,504 (Army ground forces 41,592, Army Air Forces 15,694, Navy/Coast Guard 31,485, Marine Corps 19,733); unidentified theaters 39 (Army).^[281][308] Included with combat deaths are 14,059 POWs (1,124 in Europe and 12,935 in Asia).^[308] The details of U.S. military casualties are listed online: the U.S. Army,^[281] the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. Marine Corps.^[543]
• U.S. Army figures include the deaths of 5,337 Filipinos serving in the Philippine Scouts, of whom 5,135 died in battle (see p. 118).^[281]
• The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives.^[544]
• American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing.^[545]

American civilian dead #^BF2^

• According to the [546]^[547][548]
• The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org.^[546][549]
• During World War II the Civil Air Patrol assumed many missions including anti-submarine patrol and warfare, border patrols, and courier services. During World War II CAP's coastal patrol had flown 24 million miles, found 173 enemy U-boats, attacked 57, hit 10 and sank two, dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict.^[550] By the end of the war, 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty.^[551]
• According to U.S. War Department figures, 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war (13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe). A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing. Under Japanese internment, 992 died and another 544 were listed as "unknown"; under German internment, 168 died and a further 715 were listed as "unknown".^{[288][552][553]}
• During World War II, 68 U.S. civilians were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.^[554]
• The official U.S report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the Battle of Guam on December 8–10.^[435] However, another source reported 13 "civilians" killed during in the battle^[555] and 70 U.S. civilians were killed during the Battle of Wake Island on December 8–23, 1941.^[556] 98 U.S. civilian POWs were massacred by the Japanese on Wake Island in October 1943.
• 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs.^[557]
1. ^BG^ Yugoslavia
• The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1.7 million (300,000 military and 1,400,000 civilians). This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II^{[144][558][559]} However, the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed by academic studies that put actual losses at about 1.0 million persons.^{[145][560][561][562]}
• The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war-related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census".^[560]
• A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000 which included military losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans, Chetniks, and 209,000 Ustaše. Civilian dead of 581,000, including 57,000 Jews. Losses of the Yugoslav Republics were: Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000.^[145]
• Bogoljub Kočović a Yugoslav statistician,calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000.^[562] The late Jozo Tomasevich, Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, believes that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable".^[563]

The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows

A. Military operations between the occupying military forces and their quisling collaborators against the Yugoslav resistance.^[564]
B. German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs, who were considered Untermensch.^[564] One of the worst massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre.
C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war many Ustaše collaborators were killed during the Bleiburg tragedy.^[564]
D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were Serbs.^[564] The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac concentration camp.^[565] The genocide of Roma was 40,000 persons.^[566] Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 67,122.^[567]
E. The reduced food supply caused famine and disease.^[564]
F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade.^[564]
G. The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties.^[564]

1. ^BH^ 'Other Nations

• Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed ^[568]