United States Atlantic Fleet

United States Fleet Forces Command (USFLTFORCOM)
The seal of the commander of United States Fleet Forces Command.
Active	1906 – present
Allegiance	United States of America
Branch
Type	Theater command, fleet
Part of	U.S. Northern Command
Garrison/HQ	NAVSTA Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.
Nickname	USFLTFORCOM
Engagements	World War I World War II Vietnam War Global War on Terrorism
Commanders
Current commander	ADM William E. Gortney, USN

The United States Fleet Forces Command (USFLTFORCOM) is a service component command of the United States Navy that provides naval resources that are under the administrative control of the Secretary of the Navy. The naval resources may be allocated to Combatant Commanders such as United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) under the authority of the Secretary of Defense. Originally formed as United States Atlantic Fleet (USLANTFLT) in 1906, it has been an integral part of the defense of the United States of America for most of the 20th century. In 2002, the Fleet comprised over 118,000 Navy and Marine Corps personnel serving on 186 ships and in 1,300 aircraft, with an area of responsibility ranging over most of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole, the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the waters of the Pacific Ocean along the coasts of Central and South America (as far west as the Galapagos Islands). The command is based at Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads in Norfolk, Virginia.

The command's mission is to organize, man, train, and equip Naval Forces for assignment to Unified Command Combatant commanders; to deter, detect, and defend against homeland maritime threats; and to articulate Fleet warfighting and readiness requirements to the Chief of Naval Operations.^[1]

History

Expansion and contraction

The Atlantic Fleet was established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, at the same time as the Pacific Fleet, as protection for new bases in the Caribbean acquired as a result of the Spanish-American War. The Fleet was a combination of the North Atlantic Fleet and the South Atlantic Squadron.

The first commander of the fleet was Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, who hoisted his flag in the battleship Maine (BB-10) on 1 January 1906. The following year, he took his 16 battleships, now dubbed the Great White Fleet, on a round-the-world cruise that lasted until 1909, a goodwill tour that also served the purpose of advertising the United States' naval strength and reach to all other nations of the globe.

In January 1913 the fleet consisted of six first-line divisions, a torpedo flotilla, submarines, and fleet auxiliaries.^[2] The fleet was under the command of Rear Admiral Hugo Osterhaus. The First Division, under Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, consisted of USS Florida (BB-30) (flag), USS Delaware (BB-28), and USS North Dakota (BB-29). The Second Division, under Rear Admiral Nathaniel R. Usher with his flag aboard the USS Vermont (BB-20), consisted of USS Louisiana (BB-19), USS Michigan (BB-27), USS New Hampshire (BB-25), and USS South Carolina (BB-26). The Third Division, under Rear Admiral Cameron McR. Winslow, comprised USS Virginia (BB-13) (flag), USS Georgia (BB-15), USS New Jersey (BB-16), USS Rhode Island (BB-17), and USS Nebraska (BB-14). The Fourth Division, under Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletcher, consisted of the USS Minnesota (BB-22), USS Connecticut (BB-18), USS Ohio (BB-12), USS Idaho (BB-24), and USS Kansas (BB-21). Fifth and Sixth Divisions were made up of protected cruisers, USS St. Louis (C-20), USS Tennessee (ACR-10), USS Washington (ACR-11), and USS Cleveland (C-19), USS Denver (CL-16), USS Des Moines (CL-17), and USS Tacoma (CL-20).

The Cruiser and Transport Force served in Atlantic waters during World War I moving the American Expeditionary Force to Europe. United States Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet in the UK.

The Atlantic Fleet was reorganized into the Scouting Force in 1923, which was under the United States Fleet along with the Pacific Fleet. In January 1939 the Atlantic Squadron, United States Fleet, was formed.^[3] The aircraft carrier USS Ranger (CV-4) was transferred to the Atlantic Ocean, to join three battleships. Vice Admiral Alfred Wilkinson Johnson commanded the squadron.

On 1 November 1940 the Atlantic Squadron was renamed the Patrol Force. The Patrol Force was organized into type commands: Battleships, Patrol Force; Cruisers, Patrol Force; Destroyers, Patrol Force; and, Train, Patrol Force (the logistics arms).^[3]

World War II

On 1 February 1941, the Atlantic Fleet was resurrected and organized from the Patrol Force. Along with the Pacific Fleet and Asiatic Fleet, the fleet was to be under the command of a full Admiral, which jumped the fleet's commander Ernest J. King from a two-star to a four-star. King's flagship was Texas (BB-35).

Subsequently, the headquarters was in a rather odd assortment of ships; the Augusta (CA-31), then the old wooden ship Constellation, Vixen (PG-53), and then Pocono (AGC-16). In 1948, the HQ moved into the former naval hospital at Norfolk, Virginia, and has remained there ever since.

On 7 December 1941 the Fleet comprised eight separate components. Battleships, Atlantic Fleet was made up of Battleship Division Three (BB-40 New Mexico, BB-41 Mississippi and BB-42 Idaho) and Battleship Division Five (a training division made up of the older battleships BB-34 New York, BB-35 Texas, and BB-33 Arkansas. The other components were Aircraft, Atlantic Fleet, which included Carrier Division Three with USS Ranger (CV-4) and USS Wasp (CV-7), and additionally Yorktown and Long Island; Cruisers, Atlantic Fleet, Patrol Wings, Atlantic Fleet (Patrol Wings 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9); Destroyers, Atlantic Fleet,^[4] Submarines Atlantic Fleet; Train, Atlantic Fleet, and Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet (PHIBLANT, COMPHIBLANT).^[5] During World War II "Transports, Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet" was part of this command (ComTransPhibLant). Smaller units included the Antisubmarine Development Detachment, Atlantic Fleet (ASDEVLANT) located at Quonset Point, Rhode Island.^[6] The detachment was responsible for the study and development of antisubmarine gear during World War II. The Commander of the detachment was known as COMASDEVLANT.

Admiral King was appointed Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, on 20 December 1941. Rear Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll was designated, with the rank of Vice Admiral, to relieve him as Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet.^[7] He took command on 1 January 1942, and was advanced to the rank of Admiral on 1 July 1942. To carry out this mission and other tasks CinCLant had in the meantime been reorganized, as of 1 March 1941, into ten task forces (commanded by flag officers) numbered from one to ten and named according to their intended employment. Task Force One was the Ocean Escort Force, TF2—Striking Force, TF3—Scouting Force, TF4—Support Force, TF5—Submarine Force, TF6—Naval Coastal Frontier Forces, TF7—Bermuda Force, TF8—Patrol Wings, TF9—Service Force, and Task Force 10, 1st Marine Division (commanded by a Brigadier General).

Cold War

On 1 January 1946, Commander Minesweeping Forces, Atlantic Fleet (ComMinLant) was activated to command minesweepers assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. The Commander, Mine Forces, Atlantic was responsible for all Fleet minecraft operations. Units under his command were divided into Minesweeping Squadrons (MineRon)s.

Between 1947 and 1985, the fleet command was a concurrent appointment with the United States Atlantic Command. The Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT) was traditionally a Navy four-star admiral who also then held the positions of Commander-in-Chief United States Atlantic Command (CINCLANT) and NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT). But after a major reorganization of the U.S. armed forces structure following the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, CINCLANFLT was separated from the two other billets. The admiral commanding the Atlantic Fleet was designated as the Deputy Commander in Chief of the Atlantic Command until 1986.

Major crises the Atlantic Fleet was involved in during the Cold War included the 1965 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic^[8] and the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962.

The general purpose forces of the Army, Navy, and Air Force began to be reorganized in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis on 16 October 1962. The command organization, as finally developed, called for the Commander in Chief, Atlantic (CINCLANT), Admiral Robert Dennison, to provide the unified command. He also retained control of all naval components involved in tactical operations, as the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. The responsibility for Army and Air Force components was assigned to the Continental Army Command (CONARC) and the Tactical Air Command under the designation of Army Forces, Atlantic (ARLANT), and Air Forces, Atlantic (AFLANT). The commander of the Army XVIII Airborne Corps was designated Joint Task Force Commander to plan for any joint operations that might become necessary. Over-all direction was exercised by the President and the Secretary of Defense through the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who named the Chief of Naval Operations as their representative for the quarantine.^[9]

Major elements of the Strategic Army Corps were designated for use by ARLANT and placed in advanced alert status. Logistic support for the more than 100,000 men involved was directed by a newly established Peninsula Base Command. Preparatory steps were taken to make possible the immediate callup of high priority Army National Guard and Army Reserve units. U.S. Air Force air support for the ground forces was provided by Tactical Air Command, which moved hundreds of tactical fighter, reconnaissance, and troop carrier aircraft to the southeast. To make room for all these units, the bombers, tankers, and other aircraft not required for the current operations were ordered to other bases in the United States.^[9]

From the late 1960s, nuclear ballistic missile submarines of the fleet began to make thousands of deterrent patrols.^[10] The first patrol in the Atlantic Fleet area of operations was made by USS George Washington (SSBN-598).^[11]

Commander, Naval Surface Forces Atlantic was formed on 1 July 1975, incorporating a number of previous separate smaller commands - mine warfare vessels/units, service vessels, and frigates, destroyers and cruisers, along with associated destroyer squadrons and cruiser/destroyer groups.

As part of a reorganization announced in July 1995 of the Atlantic Fleet's surface combatant ships into six core battle groups, nine destroyer squadrons, and a new Western Hemisphere Group, USS John Hancock was reassigned to Destroyer Squadron 24. The re-organization was to be phased in over the summer and take effect 31 August 1995, with homeport shifts occurring through 1998. In September 1995 the following ship assignments were intended to apply at the end of the transitional period:^[12]

• Western Hemisphere Group (to be homeported at Naval Station Pascagoula and Naval Station Mayport): USS Ticonderoga (CG-47), USS Yorktown (CG-48), USS Thomas S. Gates (CG-51) (to move to Pascagoula in FY 98), USS Robert G. Bradley (FFG-49), Conolly, Scott, DDG-993, Moosebrugger, Dewert, McInerney, Boone, Doyle, Aubrey Fitch and Stark.
• Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2/Washington Battle Group: CGN-37, CG-60
• Carrier Group 2/Stennis Joint Task Group: USS San Jacinto, USS Monterey
• Carrier Group 6/Kennedy/America Joint Task Group: USS Vicksburg, USS Hue City, and USS Thomas S. Gates until Gates was transferred to the Western Hemisphere Group
• Cruiser-Destroyer Group 8/Eisenhower Joint Task Group: USS Anzio (CG-68), USS Cape St. George (CG-71)
• Cruiser-Destroyer Group 12/Enterprise Joint Task Group: USS Philippine Sea (CG-58), USS Gettysburg (CG-64)

2000s

On 1 October 2001, the Chief of Naval Operations designated Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT) as concurrent Commander, Fleet Forces Command. In October–November 2002, the title of Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet was discontinued and the title of Commander, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMLANTFLT) was established.

In the CNO Guidance for 2003, Admiral Vernon Clark stipulated that the terms Carrier Battle Group and Amphibious Readiness Group would be replaced by Carrier Strike Groups (CSG) and Expeditionary Strike Groups (ESGs), respectively, by March 2003. Cruiser-Destroyer (CRUDESGRU) and Carrier Groups (CARGRU) were also redesignated, as Carrier Strike Groups (CSG), and aligned directly under the numbered fleet commanders. CARGRU and CRUDESGRU staffs were formerly under the administrative authority of their respective air and surface type commanders (TYCOM). This realignment allowed key operational leaders authority and direct access to the personnel required to more effectively accomplish the Navy’s mission. All carrier strike groups are ultimately subordinate to Fleet Forces Command.

The numbered fleet commanders are now responsible for the training and certification of the entire Strike Group. The organizational structure to support the Carrier Strike Groups focuses more on placing Strike Group commanders under the authority of the certifying officer, or the numbered fleet commander. Under this new division of responsibility, the air-side type commander gains authority over the air wing, and the surface-side type commander gains authority over the carrier itself and the rest of the ships of the battle group.

On 23 May 2006, the Chief of Naval Operations renamed COMLANTFLT to Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (COMUSFLTFORCOM), ordered to carry out the missions currently performed by COMFLTFORCOM and serve as primary advocate for fleet personnel, training, requirements, maintenance, and operational issues, reporting administratively directly to the CNO as an Echelon 2 command. The previous title CFFC was disestablished at the same time.^[13] CUSFFC previously served as the Naval component of US Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) until the disestablishment of USJFCOM in August 2011. CFFC is also assigned as the supporting service component commander to Commander, United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) as well as to Commander, United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM).

Enterprise entered an ESRA in 2008, but the refit took longer than expected. Thus on 11 September 2009, it was announced that the carrier strike group deployment schedule would be changed to accommodate the delay in the return of the Enterprise from its current overhaul. This resulted in extending both Carrier Strike Group Eleven's 2009-2010 deployment and Carrier Strike Group Ten's 2010 deployment to eight months.^[14] Enterprise returned to Naval Station Norfolk on 19 April 2010 after completing its post-overhaul sea trials, signifying the beginning of its pre-deployment training cycle.^[15]

On 24 July 2009, Admiral John C. Harvey, Jr. relieved Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert as Commander.^[16]

2010s

News reports in July 2011 said that in connection with the disestablishment of the United States Second Fleet, Fleet Forces Command would take over Second Fleet's duties on September 30, 2011.^[17] Effectively this meant Task Force 20 (TF 20), under a deputy commander of the fleet, took over that mission. Task Force 20 was succeeded by Task Force 80 effective 1 October 2012, with TF-80 being under the command of the director of the Maritime Headquarters, Fleet Forces Command.^[18]

Organization c.2013

According to the executive summary of the Commander's vision and guidance of October 2012, U.S. Fleet Forces Command is based upon the three tenets of war-fighting, forward operations, and readiness as set forth in the Navigation Plan 2013-2017 guidance from the Chief of Naval Operation.^[19][20] To achieve these objectives, Fleet Forces Command was realigned to a Maritime Operations Center (MOC) and Maritime Headquarters (MHQ) command structure. Additionally, the Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (COMUSFLTFORCOM) is designated as the Joint Forces Maritime Component Commander North (JFMCC-N) to the U.S. Northern Command.^[19] Joint Forces Maritime Component Commander North consists of two Maritime Command Elements (MCE), with Maritime Command Element-East (MCE-E) being Task Force 180 and Maritime Command Element-West (MCE-W) provided from units assigned to the U.S. Pacific Fleet.^[19][21]

Effective 17 May 2013, Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command was officially designated as the naval component commander for the U.S. Northern Command.^[22] In this new capacity, the Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command is to contribute to the defense of North America through the coordination, collaboration, and communication with allied, coalition, and joint forces within the U.S. Northern Command's area of responsibility.^[22] Under this reorganization, the Commander, Navy Installations Command is responsible for area coordination for U.S. Naval Forces Northern Command.^[22] Additionally, Commander, Navy Region Mid-Atlantic is responsible for regional coordination for U.S. Naval Forces Northern Command.^[22]

Maritime Operations Center

The Maritime Operations Center is to be the lead agency for all phases of the pre-deployment fleet response training plan (FRTP) cycle involving those naval units assigned to the Fleet Forces Command. In essence, the MOC is responsible for the transition of all naval units from their operational phase to their tactical phase prior to their overseas deployment.^[19][21]

The director of the Maritime Operations Center is an active-duty two-star rear admiral in the U.S. Navy while the deputy of the Maritime Operations Center is a one-star rear admiral from the United States Naval Reserve.^[21] As of 2013, the MOC director was Rear Admiral Philip S. Davidson.^[23] The Maritime Operations Center is organized into the following directorates:^[21]

• N1 — Fleet personnel and allocation, including information architecture management and anti-terrorism/force protection
• N6 — Fleet communications and information systems
• N8/N9 — Fleet capabilities requirements, concepts, and expertise, including missile defense
• N41 — Fleet ordnance and supply
• N43 — Fleet maintenance
• N45/46 — Fleet installations and environment

Other agencies under the command of the The Maritime Operations Center includes Fleet Marines, religious programs, fleet safety, and the fleet surgeon.^[21]

Maritime Headquarters

The Maritime Headquarters (MHQ) is the lead agency for all phases prior to the pre-deployment training cycle, including resourcing, policy development, assessment, procurement, and pre-introduction of naval units assigned to the Fleet Forces Command. In essence, the MHQ is responsible for the transition of all naval units from their strategical phase to their operational phase prior to their pre-deployment training cycle, and in the capacity, it supports the Maritime Operations Center.^[19][21] The director of the Maritime Headquarters is an active-duty two-star rear admiral in the U.S. Navy while the deputy of the Maritime Headquarters is a one-star rear admiral from the United States Naval Reserve.^[21] As of 2013, the MHQ director was Rear Admiral Bradley R. Gehrke.^[24] The Maritime Headquarters is organized into the following directorates:^[21]

• N2/39 — Intelligence and Information Warfare
• N3/5 — Fleet and Joint Operations
• N04FP — Force Projection
• N04GFM — Global Force Management
• N7 — Fleet/Joint Training

Subordinate commands

U.S. Fleet Forces Subordinate Commands include the following:^[25]

• Combined Joint Operations from the Sea Center of Excellence (CJOS COE)
• Military Sealift Command (MSC)
• Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (NMOC) (COMNAVMETOCCOM)^[26]
  • Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC)
  • United States Naval Observatory (USNO)
  • Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)
  • Naval Oceanography Operations Command
  • Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Professional Development Center
• Navy Munitions Command
• Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC)

Type commands

All ships are organized into categories by type. Aircraft carriers, aircraft squadrons, and air stations are under the administrative control of the appropriate Commander Naval Air Force. Submarines come under the Commander Submarine Force. All other ships fall under Commander Naval Surface Force. Type commands for Fleet Forces Command include:

• Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet (AIRLANT)
• Submarine Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet (SUBLANT)
• Naval Surface Forces Atlantic (NAVSURFLANT)
• Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC)
• Navy Cyber Forces (CYBERFOR)

Task forces

Functional mission task forces execute force-wide Fleet logistic functions as well as providing capabilities for Joint contingency operations. These functional mission task forces include:^[21]

• Task Force 80 — Maritime Headquarters - Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (MHQ - COMUSFF)
• Task Force 83 — Logistics – Military Sealift Command Atlantic (LOG – MSCLANT)
• Task Force 84 — Theater Antisubmarine Warfare Commander – Commander Submarine Force (TASC - CSL)
• Task Force 85 — Mine Warfare – Naval Mine and Anti-Submarine Warfare Command (MIW – NMAWC)
• Task Force 86 — Defense Support of Civil Authorities – Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (DSCA – COMNECC)
• Task Force 87 — Reconnaissance – Commander Patrol and Reconnaissance Group (RECON – CPRG)^[27]
• Task Force 89 — Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief – Expeditionary Strike Group Two (HADR – ESG 2)
• Task Force 883 — Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces (COMUSFF)
  • Task Group 883.1 — Hampton Roads
  • Task Group 883.2 — United States Fourth Fleet
  • Task Group 883.5 — Military Sealift Command Atlantic (MSCLANT)
  • Task Group 883.6 — Submarine Group Ten (SUBGRU 10)
  • Task Group 883.7 — Submarine Group Two (SUBGRU 2)
  • Task Group 883.8 — Naval aircraft – Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet
  • Task Group 883.9 — Naval Weapons Station Earle

Joint operations task forces

When constituted as a joint-service task force for Joint warfare operations, functional mission task forces for the U.S. Fleet Forces Command are give a 18X designation as shown below.^[21]

• Task Force 180 — Maritime Headquarters – Joint Forces Maritime Component Commander North (MHQ – COMUSFF)
• Task Force 183 — Logistics – Military Sealift Command Atlantic (LOG – MSCLANT)
  • Task Group 183.1 — Hampton Roads
  • Task Group 183.2 — United States Fourth Fleet
  • Task Group 183.5 — Military Sealift Command Atlantic (MSCLANT)
  • Task Group 183.6 — Submarine Group Ten (SUBGRU 10)
  • Task Group 183.7 — Submarine Group Two (SUBGRU 2)
  • Task Group 183.8 — Naval aircraft – Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet
  • Task Group 183.9 — Naval Weapons Station Earle
• Task Force 184 — Theater Antisubmarine Warfare Commander – Commander Submarine Force (TASC - COMNAVSUBFOR)
• Task Force 185 — Mine Warfare – Naval Mine and Anti-Submarine Warfare Command (MIW – NMAWC)
• Task Force 186 — Defense Support of Civil Authorities – Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (DSCA – COMNECC)
• Task Force 187 — Reconnaissance – Commander Patrol and Reconnaissance Group (RECON – CPRG)^[27]
• Task Force 189 — Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief – Expeditionary Strike Group Two (HADR – ESG 2)

Additionally, in the event of an emergency sortie to protect Fleet assets and capabilities, Task Force 183 is designated as Task Force 883.^[21]

List of commanders

Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet

Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Command

Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Commander-in-Chief, USLANTCOM and SACLANT

Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet and Deputy Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Command

Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet

Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet and Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command

Commander, U.S. Atlantic Fleet and Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command

Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command

See also

• List of units of the United States Navy

Notes

Further reading

External links

• U.S. Fleet Forces Command official website
• Former commanders of U.S. Fleet Forces Command
• More detail about the Atlantic Fleet and its components
• History (U.S. Fleet Forces Command website)

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