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Divisions
Sama vedic
Yajur vedic
Atharva vedic
Vaishnava puranas
Shaiva puranas
The Muktikā (Sanskrit: "deliverance") refers to the canon of 108 Upaniṣads. The date of composition of each is unknown, with the oldest dated to be before 500 BCE and the youngest composed sometime in the medieval era.[1] The older texts were transmitted orally, from generation to generation, in ancient India. The written form of the canon predates the 1656 record of the canon by Dara Shikoh.
The canon is part of a dialogue between Rama and Hanuman. Rama proposes to teach Vedanta, saying "Even by reading one verse of them [any Upanishad] with devotion, one gets the status of union with me, hard to get even by sages." Hanuman enquires about the different kinds of "liberation" (Mukti, hence the name of the Upanishad), to which Rama answers that "the only real type [of liberation] is Kaivalya".
The list of 108 Upanishads is introduced in verses 26-29:
But by what means is the Kaivalya kind of Moksha got? The Mandukya is enough; if knowledge is not got from it, then study the Ten Upanishads. Getting knowledge very soon, you will reach my abode. If certainty is not got even then, study the 32 Upanishads and stop. If desiring Moksha without the body, read the 108 Upanishads. Hear their order. (trans. Warrier)
Some scholars list ten as principal – the Mukhya Upanishads, while most consider twelve or thirteen as principal, most important Upanishads (highlighted).[2][3][4]
The list of 108 names is given in verses 30-39. They are as follows:
Almost all printed editions of ancient Vedas and Upanishads depend on the late manuscripts that are hardly older than 500 years, not on the still-extant and superior oral tradition.[5] Michael Witzel explains this oral tradition as follows:
The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalized early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a tape-recording.... Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present.[6]
In this canon,
The first 13 are grouped as mukhya ("principal"). 21 are grouped as Sāmānya Vedānta ("common Vedanta"), The remainder are associated with five different schools or sects within Hinduism, 20 with Sannyāsa (asceticism), 8 with Shaktism, 14 with Vaishnavism, 12 with Shaivism and 20 with Yoga.
these form the core of ancient texts, predating classical Hinduism; they span the 1st millennium BCE and reflect the emergence of Vedanta from Vedic religion.
Īṣa Bṛhadāraṇyaka
Kaṭha Taittirīya Śvetāśvatara
Praśna Muṇḍaka Māṇḍūkya
Kena Chāndogya Maitrāyaṇi
Kauśītāki Aitareya
These are general Vedantic Upanishads, and do not focus on any specific post-classical Hindu tradition.
Subāla Mantrikā Nirālamba Paiṅgala Adhyātmā Muktikā
Garbha Sarvasāra Śukarahasya Skanda Śārīraka Ekākṣara Akṣi Prāṇāgnihotra
Sūrya Ātmā
Vajrasūchi Mahad Sāvitrī
Ātmabodha Mudgala
These are Upanishads that focus on asceticism and renunciation
Jābāla Paramahaṃsa Advayatāraka Bhikṣu Turīyātīta Yājñavalkya Śāṭyāyani
Brahma Tejobindu Avadhūta Kaṭharudra
Parivrāt (Nāradaparivrājaka) Paramahaṃsaparivrājaka Parabrahma
Āruṇeya Maitreyi Sannyāsa Kuṇḍika
Nirvāṇa
These are Upanishads that focus on goddess Devi-related themes
Sarasvatīrahasya
Sītā Annapūrṇa Devī Tripurātapani Bhāvana
Tripura Saubhāgya Bahvṛca
These are Upanishads that focus on god Vishnu-related themes
Tārasāra
Nārāyaṇa Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa (Kali)
Nṛsiṃhatāpanī Mahānārāyaṇa (Tripād vibhuti) Rāmarahasya Rāmatāpaṇi Gopālatāpani Kṛṣṇa Hayagrīva Dattātreya Gāruḍa
Vāsudeva Avyakta
These are Upanishads that focus on god Shiva-related themes
Kaivalya Kālāgnirudra Dakṣiṇāmūrti Rudrahṛdaya Pañcabrahma
Atharvaśikha Bṛhajjābāla Śarabha Bhasma Gaṇapati
Rudrākṣa Jābāla
Akṣamālika (Mālika)
These are Upanishads that focus on Yoga-related themes
Haṃsa Triśikhi Maṇḍalabrāhmaṇa
Amṛtabindu Amṛtanāda Kṣurika Dhyānabindu Brahmavidyā Yogatattva Yogaśikhā Yogakuṇḍalinī Varāha
Śāṇḍilya Pāśupata Mahāvākya
Yogachūḍāmaṇi Darśana
Nādabindu
Agni, Hinduism, Indra, Upanishads, Devanagari
Upanishads, Jiva Goswami, Upanishad, Atharvaveda, Muktikā
Upanishads, Devanagari, Truth, Atharvaveda, Muktikā