Guardian of Scotland

Great Seal appointed for the Government of the Realm after death of King Alexander III.

The Guardians of Scotland were the de facto heads of state of Scotland^[1] during the First Interregnum of 1290–1292, and the Second Interregnum of 1296–1306. During the many years of minority in Scotland's subsequent history, there were many guardians of Scotland and the post was a significant constitutional feature in the course of development for politics in the country.

Guardians of Scotland during the First Interregnum 1290–1292 1
Guardians of Scotland during the Second Interregnum 1296–1306 2
Guardians during the minority and reign of David II 3
See also 4
References 5
External links 6

Guardians of Scotland during the First Interregnum 1290–1292

In a letter (written in Old French) from the Scots Parliament of 1290, sitting at Birgham, confirming the Treaty of Salisbury, the guardians of Scotland are listed as:^[2]

"... Guillaume de Seint Andreu et Robert de Glasgu evesques, Johan Comyn et James Seneschal de Escoce, gardeins du reaume de Escoce..."

English translation: "William [Fraser] of St Andrews and Robert [Wishart] of Glasgow bishops, John Comyn and James the Steward of Scotland, guardians of the kingdom of Scotland".

Guardians of Scotland during the Second Interregnum 1296–1306

Sir Andrew Moray (1297)
Sir William Wallace (1297–1298)
Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick (1298–1300)
John Comyn (1298–1300, 1302–1304)^[3]
William Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews (1299–1301)
Sir Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1301)
John de Soules (1301–1304)
John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond (1305–1307) and (1307–?) - first appointed by Edward I, appointment reconfirmed by Edward II

Guardians during the minority and reign of David II

Sir Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (1329–1332), appointed by the Act of Settlement of 1318.
Donald, Earl of Mar (1332, for ten days)
Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell (1332–1333) until captured by the English.
Sir Archibald Douglas (1333, for three months)
Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell for the second time (1335–1338)
Robert the Steward, nephew (older in years) to David and future king of Scotland. Robert was guardian on four occasions, sometimes jointly, and latterly twice during the eleven years of the king's enforced absence as a prisoner in England after the Battle of Neville's Cross (1345–1357). He used these years to build a large power base in the country, especially north of the Forth.

References

^ Barrow, G. W. S. (2005). Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. p. 38.
^ "Margaret: Manuscript - 1290, 14 March, Birgham - Parliamentary Records - Letters: confirmation of the treaty of Salisbury" (in Old French and with modern English translation).
^ G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (2005) p. 189.

Mack, James Logan (1926). The Border Line. Pub. Oliver & Boyd. pp. 317–322.
McNaught, Duncan (1912). Kilmaurs Parish and Burgh. Pub. A.Gardner. p. 9.

External links

Cast of the seal of the Guardians of Scotland (NAS reference RH17/1/17) and Saint Andrew seals Scotland's independence; at the National Archives of Scotland
Seal impression (cast), of Guardians of Scotland; at the National Museums of Scotland

Categories

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Guardian of Scotland