World Library  
My Account |  Register |  Help  
  
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article

Close-mid central unrounded vowel

Article Id: WHEBN0000597185
Reproduction Date:

Title: Close-mid central unrounded vowel  
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Polish phonology, Table of vowels, Mid central vowel, Close central unrounded vowel, Near-close near-back vowel
Collection: Vowels
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

Close-mid central unrounded vowel

Close-mid central unrounded vowel
ɘ
ë
IPA number 397
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɘ
Unicode (hex) U+0258
X-SAMPA @\
Kirshenbaum @
Braille ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
Sound
 ·

The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a reversed letter e, and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩ (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). This letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɘ̞⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Contents

  • Features 1
  • Occurrence 2
  • References 3
  • Bibliography 4

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
ʊ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•e̞ø̞
•əɵ̞
•ɤ̞o̞
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
ɐ
•aɶ
•äɒ̈
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
 •  • chart •  chart with audio •

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Dutch Standard[1][2][3] bit     'bit' Somewhat fronted;[1][2][3] typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɪ⟩, the way it's pronounced in some dialects.[4] See Dutch phonology
English Australian[5][6] bird [bɘːd] 'bird' Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɜː⟩. See Australian English phonology
Southern Michigan[7] [bɘ˞ːd] Rhotacized.
Cardiff[8] foot [fɘ̠t] 'foot' Somewhat retracted;[8] corresponds to /ʊ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
New Zealand[9] bit [bɘt] 'bit' Corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Southern American[10] nut [nɘt] 'nut' Some dialects.[10] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Irish Munster[11] sáile [ˈsˠɰaːlʲɘ] 'salt water' Usually transcribed [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[11] See Irish phonology
Kaingang[12] [ˈᵐbɘ] 'tail' Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[13]
Kazakh тілі' [tɘlɘ] 'language'
Korean 어른 [ɘː.ɾɯn] 'senior' See Korean phonology.
Mongolian[14] үсэр [usɘɾɘ̆] 'jump'
Norman acataer [akatɘ] 'to buy' May be [u ~ o ~ e] depending by the region. In Jèrriais it's spelled aï and pronounced [aɪ].
Northern Tiwa Taos dialect [ˌpʼɒ̀ˑxɘ̄ˈɬɑ̄ːnæ] 'star' Allophone of /ɤ/. See Taos phonology
Paicî ?? [kɘ̄ɾɘ̄] 'spider'
Polish[15] tymczasowy     'temporary' Somewhat fronted;[15] typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology
Romanian Moldavian dialects[16] casă [ˈkäsɘ] 'house' Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[17] солнце     'sun' This occurs only for some speakers after /t͡s/.[17] See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[18]
Skolt Sami vuõˊlǧǧem [vʲuɘlɟ͡ʝːɛm] 'I left'
Vietnamese[19] vợ [vɘ˨˩ˀ] 'wife' Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɤ⟩. See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[20] ne [nɘ] 'and'

References

  1. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1992:47)
  2. ^ a b Verhoeven (2005:245)
  3. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:128)
  4. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:131)
  5. ^ Cox (2006:?)
  6. ^ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
  7. ^ Hillenbrand (2003:122)
  8. ^ a b Coupland (1990:93)
  9. ^ Bauer et al. (2007)
  10. ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
  11. ^ a b Ó Sé (2000)
  12. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  13. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
  14. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  15. ^ a b Jassem (2003:105)
  16. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  17. ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969:38)
  18. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  19. ^ Hoang (1965:24)
  20. ^ Merrill (2008:109–10)

Bibliography

  • Bauer, L.; Warren, P.; Bardsley, D.; Kennedy, M.; Major, G. (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102,  
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF),  
  • Cox, F.M. (2006), vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers"/hVd/"The acoustic characteristics of , Australian Journal of Linguistics 26: 147–179,  
  • Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 93,  
  • Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 14 (1): 93–107,  
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47,  
  • Hillenbrand, James M. (2003), "American English: Southern Michigan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 121–126,  
  • Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College 
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71,  
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107,  
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685 
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press,  
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114,  
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Gaeilge), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann,  
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj 
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing,  
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243–247,  
 
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
 
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
 
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.
 


Copyright © World Library Foundation. All rights reserved. eBooks from Project Gutenberg are sponsored by the World Library Foundation,
a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.