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Islam is one of the three major religious systems on the Earth. But this is not the only reason why we need to speak about Islam in Russia. Islam expresses the ethics of the attitude of man to God in laconic and methodologically true form....

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The conflict between ISIS and Al Qaeda in Syria and Iraq, and their cooperation in China.

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The book of “The Second Coming of Christ; the return of Jesus Christ” This book is exquisitely new. It is strange but true: about things that are not said, informed by the events that are happening around us, and facts that are beyond dispute. Actually when you start reading this book you will not be able to leave it without coming to the last page of it having a very precise, new, logic and Divine knowledge. It is as true as the life in you is. You find in this piece of new knowledge many issues which prescribe the reality in abstract style having brought it into minds as vivid facts: What is the wrong with the life of high technologies? Do you believe that this contemporary technologies are the main source of misery of our life?! Why do people abandon God and where Do they direct their destination into? What is God’s purpose of the afflictions and difficulties which He has driven to people and nations? What are the reasons behind the destruction of the old nations? Do you think that the whole world is coming to the same fate of the old destructed nations? What is the last resort of escaping from this horrible end? Wh...

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How terrible are the words that issued from the mouths of those deceivers from amongst the jews, who used false statements to insert intrigue into the books of Islam. Their words about the possible use of magic to bewitch the most honorable one of all creation, Mohammad (cpth), are nothing more than mere lies. The same is true of another of their sayings- fie on them (may God make them as ugly as their deeds)- wherein they say that the accursed Satan controlled the Prophet (cpth), as well as other of our great masters, including Solomon, Job and our father Adam. Their statements are easily refutable, and just as our of every pot pours that which it contains, woe to them because of what pours from their spirits. As a result of such intrigues, the belief in magic, along with other spiritual diseases, is spread amongst the Muslims by disbelieving magicians and their followers- to the extent that one can hardly find a house in which there does not live at least one of their followers- These people believe the devil's call because they have listened to false scholars instead of God and have turned their back on the Qur'an as if...

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New scientific medical discovery in Islamic method of (Animal slaughter) and without the use of any stunning method: Today we stand before the medical fact of pronouncing "in the Name of God, Allah is Greater" over slaughtered animal when slaughtering. It is mentioned in a unique scientific research project unveiled by a group of Professors, physicians and scientists. They have fought deadly germs through science, driving away the darkness of ignorance and superstition. They have also removed the ignorance that covered the legacy of the Heavenly religions. They have fought deadly germs through science, driving away the darkness of ignorance and superstition. They have also removed the ignorance that covered the legacy of the Heavenly religions....

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A man brought the chick of a bird to the gathering of the Prophet and his companions, and they noticed that the parent of the chick was following it, flapping around it. When the man sat down its parent threw itself upon its chick, and did not concern itself with the danger, out of care towards its chick. This astonished the companions. The Prophet Muhammad then turned to his companionsand said: (Are you amazed at this bird? You have taken its chick and it threw itself into danger out of mercy for the chick! I swear by God, your Lord is more merciful to you than this bird is to its chick). Then he turned to the man and asked him to let the chick go....

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(Hope is a mercy for my nation. Where not for hope,no mother would ever feed her child, and no gardener would ever plant a tree. The best of combat is to combat one’s self that is between one’s flanks). The Prophet Muhammad...

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Having noted the absence of happiness in human life, a group of scholars began to look for a way to attain this happiness. They could put their hands on the core of happiness by means of physical laws, so that they could reach it by following such a set of laws! However… Can worldly scientific laws, however great they may be, control happiness, make it surrender to them, and allow itself to be harnessed by their reins?! Are they able to help people actually taste happiness, so that the earth will become a garden of paradise?! How great this achievement would be, if only they could do it!...

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“Five are of natural disposition, cutting (shaving) the pubic hair, circumcision, cutting the moustache, depilating the hair of the armpit and cutting the nails” (Of the sayings of the Prophet Mohammad 'cpth')...

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God has begun to reveal the truth about the End Days and the Rise of the Islamic Antichrist, whom the Muslims call Imam Madhi. In this book we will show conclusively that only Islam can fill the role of the Antichrist. You will be shown how Islam is trying to revive its Islamic Caliphate in the Middle-East, which perfectly fulfils the role of the Biblical Empire of the Beast. And also how Islam is planning to create a New Islamic World Order, through Global Jihad, which will begin with the conquering of Jerusalem. We’ll compare Muslim tradition about the Last Days and Christian end time scripture, only to discover some shocking revelations, that have remained hidden until now, which will tear the veil and mystery off the end days for good. Finally you’ll discover what the Real Mark of the Beast is, and how it connects to 666. Even the book of Revelation has been made easy to understand. ...

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Answering the Ali Sina Challenge using a basic common sense and logical approach...

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Answering the Ali Sina Challenge using a basic common sense and logical approach...

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What is the spirit? where is the center of its existence? and what is its function? what is the soul? where is the center of its existence? and what is its function? what is the thought? where does it exist? and what is its function? what is the mind? where is its center? and what is its function? what is its relation with? and what are the relations of the above-mentioned items to each other?. Researches about the sources of spring water in the world...

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Critical Questions, Wise Responses In the past two decades, the growth of takfiri groups has been increased in West Asia. These extremist groups, influenced by Wahhabism and Salafism, are seeking to promote and institutionalize violence in the region. These groups, by a strategic premeditation and/or by mistake, have changed the priority of fighting and apprising of Zionist regime crimes to takfir of noble trend of Shiism. Many of them, who call themselves sheikhs, by taking advantage of the ignorance of the laity, issue fatwas of killing Muslims in general and Shiites in particular. Meanwhile some by raising unfounded doubts over Shia principals provoke this wave of violence and attempt to institutionalize hate between Muslims. Therefore, in order to prevent the promotion of violence, it is obligatory on every compassionate Muslim to be sensitive and give appropriate answer and inform the masses of these dangerous methods. The content of this book which is in response to questions posed against the Twelver Shiite (Athna'ashariyyah) would be evaluated in this context. This book contains 70 of the most important questions and doub...

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Table of Content Introduction Terminology Of Shi`a The State of Appearance…………………....1 The founder of the School of Shi`ah …. 7 Shia in Lexicon and Terminology…...……11 Shi`ah in Quran and Tradition…………….. 14 Shia and Resorting to the tradition of “The twelve caliphs”……………….…………. 17 Shia of Islamic community, in comparison with the Jews……………………………………… 21 Quran and appointment of Imam……….. 26 Doubts Over Imamat Doubt of being in the charge of Imamate By child...............................................32 The meaning of Ul al- Amr in Sunni traditions............................................35 The meaning of Ul al- Amr in Shi’ite traditions..................................38 The meaning of Imam in Ma’rifah of Imam Tradition………………….……….…………..…… 43 The meaning of Imam in the verse of "Ibtila"…..........................................… 48 Doubts Over Wilayah The cause of revelation of Wilayah verse according to Sunnis quoting ................52 Traditions confirming the content of Wilayah tradition 61 Ghadir Khom Event of Ghadir 65 Cause of Revelation 78 The opinions of scholars of Sunna abo...

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New scientific medical discovery in Islamic method of (Animal slaughter) and without the use of any stunning method: Today we stand before the medical fact of pronouncing "in the Name of God, Allah is Greater" over slaughtered animal when slaughtering. It is mentioned in a unique scientific research project unveiled by a group of Professors, physicians and scientists. They have fought deadly germs through science, driving away the darkness of ignorance and superstition. They have also removed the ignorance that covered the legacy of the Heavenly religions. They have fought deadly germs through science, driving away the darkness of ignorance and superstition. They have also removed the ignorance that covered the legacy of the Heavenly religions....

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In Am'ma Part we can see how Al’lah overwhelms us with His Favor and Charity and guards us by His Mercy and great Care. Within it, we can see the Godly Justice has been manifested Itself with Its most magnificent meanings. How great is he who recites them or reads them! How great is he who draws attaintion to them or publishes them! For those people are indeed sources of truth, right and religion. All of these blessings are but drops from the ocean of the favor of he (cpth) who rose high above all that is high. Glorify him (cpth), then, and appreciate him (cpth) in order that you can comprehend these meanings and be able to apply them. Let him (cpth) be your highest example and your leader forever and ever. By Am’ma Part the noble companions woke up from their heedlessness; with it God’s Envoy had started his way to God, and it is that which upgraded the Arab State then the good chosen nations and people and moved them to life filled with bliss and happiness after they had lost themselves in worlds of darkness. This is the way leading to the Gardens, this is the school by which one can leave the ranks of animalization to gradua...

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This is a book about the reason why Israel was formed and why did the terrorists attacked America on 9/11. This is a book about religion, politics, history and science. It is also about the connection between the formation of Israel and the reason why 9/11 ever happened with the Quran, the Torah & the Bible. It is also a book of religion & science. It will give people an idea of why revenge was the cause of 9/11 rather than Islam. And what does Islam say about terrorism. According to the Torah the Jews believe God gave them Israel so for this reason the world has changed because of so many political and religious actions were taken to establish the world we see today and it has caused many good and bad things for the humans of our world. The tragedy of 9/11 might not have happened if some of the words of the Torah were not been taken into actions by politicians and religious groups. This book will give a different view about the reality of our world with the facts of science and religion + religion and politics. An excellent All in one book on science, religion, politics & the true history of our world....

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In the name of God the All Compassionate the All-Merciful The Almighty Al'lah and the beginning of creation is a very important Devine elucidation, it should be known by every human being that it reveals to man some valuable enlightenments which touch his existence, past and forever-future. You conceive through this sublime demonstration some portions of the high attributes of the Almighty Al'lah and you know through this Devine text how Al'lah is most Merciful, most Kind, most Bountiful and most Just. You read in it and be squinted with many significant important points such as: - Has God been alone before the existence of creation, or not? - Why did He create the creatures, what is His purpose? - What is the realty of the pre-material world “Al-Azal world”? - What is the essence of the creatures ? - Why did the creatures differentiate and contrast from each other, how has the Godly Justice appeared in this differentiation and contrast of creatures; mankind, Jinn, angels, plants, Earth, heavens and etc? - Why then did He send the creatures including mankind into this worldly life? - How do the good deeds affect the spirit...

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Zakat "Alms giving": The third of high grade of seeing by God's light. - Islamisation of economic growth, welfare And moral aspects through: Zakah-distribution - Deriving the percentage of Al-Zakat from the verses of God's Noble Book. - Alms of fast breaking...

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This book is considered a very important educating book for children and youth, it is the first book which contains very important necessary Islamic information for youth. Moreover, the significant thing noted in it is the simplicity that can deliver the knowledge to students , readers or the new converters into Islam in a magnificent way of simplicity and no complexity of literally crochet. It is abundant of basic Islamic knowledge. It explains in details how to attain God’s love and to approach the true faith, as well as how to pray , why and what are the fruits of the prayer. As well as why we have to do ablution before performing prayer and how to do it. Furthermore, it contains an interpretation of many short Surahs (chosen from Am'ma part) which are often recited in the prayer. It also supports the meaning of these Surahs by mentioning many real stories which ease understanding the meanings and have the part of disciplining children according to the high moralities of Islamic way. We can say this valuable book contains simple necessary Islamic jurisprudence such as the rules of female prayer and many other important rules...

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What wisdom lies behind the pilgrimage? What benefit comes from its strange rituals? Why should the pilgrim dress in white, untailored cloth? What is the wisdom of circumambulating a big stone named Al-Ka’ba? What does the hajji (pilgrim) benefit from kissing the Black Stone? What is the purpose of walking quickly to and fro between Safa and Marwa? What is the importance of standing on a mountain named Arafat? What is the purpose of throwing seven pebbles? Can these seven pebbles destroy Satan, who is immaterial and invisible? Why are animals slaughtered in these places? If you are eager and interested to know the answers to these exciting questions, then let us sail forth into this research, which leads us to the straight path and ensures that there is no deviation from it. Thus we may live a life of eternal happiness. Let us seize the opportunity to gain a span of life compared to which our worldly life is not worth mentioning. Let us start now, for when death knocks at our door, regret will avail us nothing. At that time, how great will be the loss of those who turned away from their Provider!...

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25% of the books entire profits will be donated to these charities 1.savethechildren & 2.stjude hospital In the same time it's an opportunity for both to learn the new discoveries of science,God&world religions that people simply have the right & deserve to know with an excellent positive way to help the author to donate more to the poor,hungry & disable children in America & worldwide.This book contains 2 parts and each part starts with page # 1.So,this book contains 2 books and it’s a 2in1 book. Information arranged & organized by MR.Faisal Fahim Top 19 information you can learn in this 2in1 book & why this is a must read for all 1. Biography of Muhammad by a non Muslim.2. Biography of Muhammad by a Muslim.3. What do non Muslim scholars say about Muhammad.4. Complete valid information about Jesus.5. Proven facts about the great Jesus.6. A documentary book on science, Islam, Christianity & Judaism.7. A research project on Abrahamic religions. 8. Moses, Jesus & Muhammad in Islam & Christianity.9. Aramaic the true language of Jesus.10. Similarities & differences of Jesus & Muhammad.11. God definitions of various religions.12. Women i...

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In the long days and dark nights of occultation (ghaibat), neither our beloved prophet, Mohammad (s.a.w.a.) nor our Imam, Imam Vali-e-Asr (a.t.f.s) is present in our midst. The only way to quench the thirst of their recognition (ma'refat) and knowledge is through the treasure of books, which we have inherited from our great scholars. As it is narrated by the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a.) - in the last era, the faith of the people will be based on 'black over white' i.e. books. Books are the source through which we can acquaint ourselves with Islamic beliefs (aqaed), religious edicts (ahkam), history, and ethics (akhlaq). In this treatise we try to acquaint ourselves with one such book, which is one of the most crucial references with regards to Hazrat Sayyudush Shohada, Imam Husain (a.s.). The book is Kamiluz Ziaraat....

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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Reward for the Ziyarat of Allah’s Messenger (s.a.w.s.), Amirul Momineen and Imam Hasan and Imam Husain (a.s.) ....... 8 Chapter 2: Reward for the Ziyarat of Allah’s Messenger (s.a.w.s.) . 9 Chapter 3: Ziyarat of the Prophet’s grave and invocations at his tomb....................................................................................... 11 Chapter 4: Rewards and Excellence of Praying in the Prophet’s mosque................................................................................... 18 Chapter 5: Ziyarat of Hamza (a.s.), Uncle of the Prophet, and other Martyrs of Uhad.............................................................. 19 Chapter 6: Excellence and Rewards of visiting the Masjids and Graves in Medina.................................................................... 23 Chapter 7: Bidding Farewell to the grave of Allah’s Messenger (s.a.w.s.).................................................................................. 25 Chapter 8: Rewards and Excellence of Praying in Masjid Kufa and Masjid Sahla ......................................................................

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The Song of Songs [of Solomon] (שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים Šîr haŠîrîm, ᾎσμα ᾎσμάτων Aisma Aismatōn, Cantĭcum Canticōrum) is a poetic courtship that moves from enchantment to consummation. Devoid of religiosity, it has traditionally been understood as metaphor for the relationship of the soul with the Divine – of God with Israel – of Christ with the Church – of Christ with the human soul – or humanistically, as a metaphor for psychological integrity. In his 12th century sermon, ‘On the Title of the Book: The Song of Songs’, St. Bernard of Clairvaux’s meditative reading followed the book of Ecclesiastes, which teaches ‘how to … have done with the false promise of this world’, and the book of Proverbs that enlightens ‘your life and your conduct’. He called these two preliminary books antidotes to the two enemies of the soul – ‘misguided love of the world and an excessive love of self’, and he observed that only ‘the mind disciplined by persevering study’ is made ‘ripe … for nuptial union with the divine partner’. His spiritual marriage between the heavenly Bridegroom and the human bride occurs when the two become one, and that one is the ...

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A wise man once set down in song, beauty that in nature rests, for which all hearts forever long like dreams deep in maidens’ breasts : The young woman: “My man, your kiss is my mantle your musk clothes me with alarm, allows my guard be more gentle. Oh, who could resist such charm! Oh, let’s elope to foreign parts, and reveal to me your realm; there let us practice lovers’ arts for we’ll both be overwhelmed. Yes, no one could resist such charm! Sisters of our sober town, You see my skin so sunned from farm, its like a richly gilded gown – a noble robe gifting my hue. Though born beyond your boudoir, underneath I’m the same as you. Why look down on my colour, ...

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This paper examines the counterterrorist strategy employed on the Island of Basilan during Operation Enduring Freedom- Philippines (OEF–P) and discusses its potential applicability in the current Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) insurgency. The strategy used the principles found in the Diamond Model, the counterinsurgency (COIN) model that Dr. Gordon McCormick developed....

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In this excellent essay Lt Col David G. Curdy examines the prospects for democratic transitions in the Middle East. He notes that with the conclusion of the cold war, the basis for US Middle East policy, which had centered around oil, Israel, and the Soviet Union, should be reexamined and, perhaps, redesigned....

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This book may be downloaded from: http://www.islamicinformationcenter.info/understandingislam.pdf . This book enables its reader to thoroughly understand what Islam is. It makes strong analysis along with relevant knowledge and hundreds of quotations from the Quran, the main source of Islam. It gives answers to FAQ such as those about Islam and violence, men and women in Islam....

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1 Introduction 19 2 The General Features of Islam 20 2.1 Islam Is Based on Logic 20 2.2 Islam Is Based on Loving Allah and Being Careful of Him 22 2.3 Islam Is Comprehensive 25 2.4 Islam Is Universal 26 2.5 Islam Is Based on Peace 28 3 Belief Essentials of Islam 29 3.1 Allah -The One Real God- 30 3.1.1 Belief in God as a General Concept 30 3.1.1.1 The Concept of Belief in General 30 3.1.1.2 Islam and the Other Main Approaches Regarding God 33 3.1.1.2.1 Islam and the Atheist Approach 34 3.1.1.2.2 Islam and the Agnostic Approach 40 3.1.1.2.3 Islam and Beliefs Largely Based on Communication 41 3.1.1.3 Everyone Believes in One or More Gods, Or in Things That Correspond to the Concept of God 44 3.1.2 There Is No God But Allah: This Universe and Its Parts Are Not Absolute, There Is Only One Absolute Power 45 3.1.3 The Methodology to Understand Who Allah Is and Some Key Facts Relating to Him That We Observe in Our Universe 48 3.1.3.1 General Methodology 48 3.1.3.2 Examples 49 3.1.3.2.1 Many Similar Things 49 3.1.3.2.2 Things -Including Causality- Are Parts of Systems 50 3.1.3.2.3 The Sequential Unity 53 3.1.3.3 Thing...

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This book – This Is My Faith – comes to highlight the first science which is Ideology in a simplified dialogue-based style. All can understand its content as it is free from complicated reasoning and difficult demonstration. Some texts have been changed for the sake of simplification as the definitions to the five Principles are also provided. Thus, here we offer you this book in the form of dialogue-based serial stories between two friends seeking only truth and knowledge....

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Hasan: I always encourage believers to ask about their religion. The Hadith says, “ask about your religion until you are called lunatic”, and there is no shame in seeking knowledge, especially when it comes to every day issues. Hasan: The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was the most forbearing, the most courageous, the most even-handed and the most virtuous of all. He never laid a hand on a woman unless he had their tenderness, married to them or had kinship that permits it. He was the most generous so much that no penny had stayed overnight with him. He did not return home until he had satisfied the needy. He used to mend his foot-wear, patch his garments and help with house-work like chopping the meat with female members of the family (Harem). Moreover, he was the most modest. He did not look sharply at a person. He answered the requests from both the free and the slave. He accepted any gifts even it was a drink of yogurt and he rewarded them for that. He would not accept any alms. He would only get angry for the sake of Allah and not to satisfy himself. He attended funerals. He walked among his enemies unguarded. He was the mos...

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CHAPTER ONE Monotheism (At-Tawhid) CHAPTER TWO Divine justice (Al-‘Adl al-ilahi) CHATPTER THREE Prophecy (Nobowa) CHATPTER FOUR Imamate (Imamah) CHATPTER FIVE The Hereafter (Mi’ad) ...

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The material on these pages was compiled over many years and is the result of one person’s desire to figure out whether there is anything in our actions that must be ‘absolute’ or if all concepts of everything really are relative, based entirely on each person’s individual beliefs. A uniquely different kind of ‘trip’ took place after the compiler of this ‘stuff’ had a very heated argument with someone else when one of them yelled, “...well, your truth isn’t my truth!” What an amazing ‘trip’ it was......

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1) FŌGIE/FRŌGIE comparison 2) ‘Garden Scene’ comparisons of certain commands 3) “Do it!” commands 4) dictionary command – D words 5) ‘Daniel’ details - ISLAM - CHRISTIANITY - JUDAISM 6) Imagery - oil rigs - stock markets 7) Procrastinating with LIBERTY 8) Finger-walking ‘assignment’ and MESSAGE given using numbers: - 379 - 213 - 383 and books: - Bible - Qur’ân - others 9) Symbolism development - circles - triangles - colors - cross - pyramid 10) Fruit... 11) Another Age 12) So what!!! or So what??? 13) Quotes/Media Events - “Restoring Honor” Rally - “One Nation Working Together” Rally - Comedy Rally - 9-11 14) “IMAGINE – THE FŌGIE WAY” 15) Developing another Word Picture: a Muslim and a Mormon 16) ‘RELIGION RAILS’ 17) 10 Cannots by Abraham Lincoln 18) ‘THE PROTESTER’ categories 19) ‘GOOD’ standards 20) Pledge of Allegiance change and TRUE REPUBLIC concept 21) TOUGH LOVE – WE, THE PEOPLE 22) Commander-in-Chief 22) Politics 23) Changes in Government (Federal) - Term Limits - Taxes - Government Reorganization/Balanced Budget - Social Security - Federal Assistance - Education - Health Ca...

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Lately, some subjects like the veil, polygamy, and divorce in Islam have become objects of discussion and dispute upon which the mass media, especially the western ones, shed light. What is the veil, polygamy, and divorce in Islam?. In this Audiobook: - A dialogue between a Western Orientalist and a Muslim Savant about the verity of the philosophy of the veil in Islam, the importance of marriage contract, the verity of polygamy in Islam. and the verity of divorce in Islam. - Is it the cover screening only the hair? or it is the whole cover screening all the body with the face? What is the wisdom behind it? and what are the Qur’anic proofs (verses) that indicate it and decide its nature? Islam… what is divorce for?! what is more than one wife for?!...

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It is the darkest days in the history of the planet. Decadence and disasters threaten to destroy the world. But a handful of faithful believers become the leaders of a mighty worldwide revolution of faith and love that shocks the world. This novel, based on actual prophecies from the Bible, will do more than entertain, more than shock, and even more than inspire. It will give you practical information to prepare you for what lies ahead in world affairs. Be prepared to be deeply disturbed by what it says. This book is NOT a part of the “Left Behind” series by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins. It is, however, an attempt to address certain issues which we feel were left out, contradicted, or mis-interpreted in that series. We have used a few similarities between some of the main characters in that book and some of the main characters in our own, in order to give the public a feel for how events might have unfolded if the Left Behind series had been true to events predicted in Bible prophecy, and if the characters purporting to be Christians had behaved in a more Christian manner. Please read this book prayerfully and seri...

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It was just dawning on the trio who sat huddled around the radio, that this was not a drill, when they heard and saw the first explosion.

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Book One Chapter 1 Left Behind Chapter 2 Foretold Chapter 3 Lo, Here! and Lo, There! Chapter 4 Searching Chapter 5 On the Road to Montana Chapter 6 Counting the Cost Chapter 7 Refugees Chapter 8 Reunion Book Two Chapter 9 The Countdown Begins Chapter 10 The Twelve Tribes Chapter 11 Soul Harvest Chapter 12 The Temple Chapter 13 The Mark Chapter 14 Peace! Peace! Book Three Chapter 15 Assassins? Chapter 16 Two Witnesses Chapter 17 Dangchao Chapter 18 The Gospel Chapter 19 Tribulation Force Chapter 20 Disasters Chapter 21 Apollyon Chapter 22 Journey to Jerusalem Chapter 23 The Rapture Chapter 24 New Jerusalem Chapter 25 Armageddon Appendices Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C...

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Mohammad Amin Sheikho Birth: 1890 A.D (1308 A.H) Death: 1964 A.D (1384 A.H) Precept: Interpretation of the Holy Qur’an Early Years Scholar Sheikho was born in al-Ward district in Sarouja Quarter, one of the historical districts of Damascus, in Syria which was called mini-Istanbul during the period of the Ottoman rule. He was raised in an Arab style house situated opposite the famous public al-Ward Bathhouse. This house stands there to the present day. Scholar Sheikho was still young when his father, the merchant Ismael Sheikho, departed this world. Mohammad Saleem, the only and elder brother of Mohammad Amin, was assigned as a director of the Military School during the Ottoman rule. Education At the age of twelve the boy who was to become the great scholar was enrolled at al-Rashidiya School, he then went on to complete his studies in Amber, the Royal Ottoman Faculty in Damascus. He received many certificates of praise and commendation during the Ottoman rule and then under the reign of King Faisal in Syria. There are many copies of these certificates still preserved in trustworthy hands. Achievements During the p...

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Since the first edition of Inquiries about Shia Islam was published in the summer of 1999, four-thousand English copies have been distributed and sold to Muslims and non-Muslims in the United States of America and abroad. The book was also published in various languages. The need still exists for a better understanding about the traditions and followers of the Ahlul Bayt, and thus a revised second edition of the book was made. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Sister Fatma Saleh for her generous contributions in editing and revising this edition. Special thanks are also due to the Khaki family of Seattle, Washington for making this book come to print. May Allah, the most Merciful, the most Compassionate reward all those who work sincerely to serve His cause....

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I ask all who read this book to read it objectively, with openmindedness and without sectarian biases, and I welcome any suggestions, criticisms, or inquiries. We ask Allah for guidance and enlightenment in our search for the truth. May Allah open our hearts and minds to it, and may He guide and extend His mercy upon us, for He is the one who grants all things. “Our Lord! Let not our hearts deviate from the truth after You have guided us, and grant us mercy from You; truly, You are the Bestower.”Noble Quran, 3:8 We ask Allah for His mercy, grace, and blessings in this endeavor, and I ask the readers for their prayers that we all continue to be humble servants of the religion of Allah on the Earth....

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Table of Contents Introduction Introduction to Second Edition Who are the Shi‘a? The Five Schools of Islamic Thought Ja‘fari Hanafi Maliki Shafi;i Hanbali Imamah Quranic Evidence for the Divine Ordination of the Imam Seven Categories of Verses of Allah’s Government in Quran (1) The Verses of Kingdom: (2) The Verses of Government: (3) The Verses of Command: (4) The Verses of Guardianship: (5) The Verses of Following: (6) The Verse of Choosing: (7) The Verse of Judgment: Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Ghadir Khum The Verse of Warning (Indhar) The Verse of Bowing (Ruku) The Verse of Guardianship Prophetic Narrations Appointing Imam Ali as Successor Twelve Leaders to Succeed the Prophet. Who are the Twelve Leaders? The Ahlul Bayt The Verse of Purity (Taharah) The Verse of Affection (Muwaddah) The Verse of Malediction (Mubahilah) The Verse of Prayer (Salat) The Verse of Feeding The Verse of Guardianship The Hadith of the Two Weighty Things (Thaqalayn) Similar Narrations from the Prophet Muhammad about his Ahlul Bayt Infallibility Intercession (Shafa‘ah) Calling Upon the Prophet and ...

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The Fruit of Fasting In a holy saying, the Almighty says: “All deeds of son of Adam are done for themselves, except fasting; it is done for Me, and therefore, it is Me who gives the reward of it” And in the Holy Quran He, the almighty, says: “[Fast] the month of Ramadan in which the Quran was revealed, a book of guidance for people” when the Envoy of God (cpth) fasted he felt magnification and appreciation for the Almighty Allah; there and then the meanings and realities of the Holy Book, the Quran, were revealed to his noble and pure spirit. If human fasts this month as it should be fasted, they will come to be illuminated by God’s Light and witness the truth. This illumination helps them distinguish between good and evil and hear the Words of the Great Creator, and thus they become guided. “With proofs of guidance and criterion” by virtue of your closeness to the Almighty Allah, you can discriminate between good and evil. At this stage, you will flood with benefits for yourself and for all creation. Discrimination between good and evil is not an easy matter. All the Greeks, the Roman, and the Arab philosophers failed to attai...

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This book is dedicated to the master of all women from the beginning of creation to the end, Lady Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her), beloved daughter of Prophet Muhammad ibn Abdullah (peace be upon him and his family), as we await her intercession on the final day....

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The message of Islam is universal. Islam is not intended to be a faith of followers from a certain descent; nor does it belong to one geographical part of the world; nor does it belong to a different time era. Islam is a progressive and adapting religion that transcends all racial, native tongue, socio-economic, and gender lines. It is open and free to be explored, challenged, accepted, and even rejected. God says in the Quran, “There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is henceforth distinct from error. Thus whoever rejects evil and believes in God has grasped the most trustworthy hand-hold that never breaks.” (2:256) Islam is a faith that believes in the exclusive oneness, justice, and mercy of God and the sole purpose of this religion is to enlighten the hearts of people so that they may understand the message of God and then live by it. This book Discovering Islam has been an instrumental tool for thousands of readers looking for a simple way of understanding Islam and Muslims....

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This study defines the nature of the war on terrorism by assessing the changing nature of terrorism itself and develops an analytical framework within which to assess the strategies of terrorist groups. It compares the strategies of old terrorist groups—Red Army Faction, Palestinian Liberation Organization, and Irish Republican Army—to the new terrorism, the militant Islamic movement. This study concludes that there is a “new terrorism” that is not merely terrorism but a global insurgency. The strategy of this new movement requires an aggressive war on terrorism as a counterstrategy but not necessarily the war that the United States is trying to fight. This study develops guidelines for military strategy against the insurgents by using the same analytical framework to assess the insurgents’ strategy....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 NATURE OF TERRORISM . . . . . . . . 5 3 HOW TO ANALYZE TERRORIST STRATEGIES . . . .19 4 “OLD” TERRORISM . . . . . . . . 27 5 “NEW” TERRORISM . . . . . . . . 49 6 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS . . . . .71...

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The initial question of this study concerns the debate between those who believe in a general Islamic threat, as defined most eloquently by Samuel P. Huntington in The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, and others who see a small band of religious fanatics who have hijacked Islam from the moderate majority. This question about the source of terrorism has importance to the major Islamic nations as it does for Latin American countries, where Muslims are a largely undistinguishable minority....

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DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 UNDERSTANDING “ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Perspectives of Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Islamic Anti-Western Rage: Historic and Strategic Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Islamic Angst: Psychological and Religious Struggles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Clash or Collusion of Islamic Fundamentalists? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3 ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN . . . . . . . . . . 19 Muslim Demographics in the Region . . . . . .20 Islamic Terrorist Attacks in the Region . . . . 21 Islamic Terrorist Support in the Region . . . . 23 Muslims’ Geographic Connection with Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

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In our present era, it is most disturbing for many Muslims and non- Muslims alike to witness the escalating rise in sectarian violence between the Shia and Sunni followers of Islam, particularly in places such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Some people, including Muslims, ask why the Shia and Sunni are violently murdering each other; is there something in the history of the Muslims that continues to spark such hatred and violence today; why does one sect accuse the other of heresy; and why is one sect of the Muslims considered as “mainstream,” while the other wing is branded unconventional and literally pacified? Unquestionably, seeded in the history of Islam is the answer - in particular, the political course that was taken following the death of the Prologue ii Holy Prophet and the way in which the early history of Islam was written. They say that history is bound to repeat itself and this is much more apparent today because the remnants and unconsciousness of Muslims in regards to their own history is affecting Muslims today. The account of the Muslims is not the classical historical case of not knowing th...

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Understanding that the historical and political aspects covered throughout this book may be delicate for some; nonetheless, never is it meant to be as a means to jostle sectarian division - this is far from my intention. I have maintained judicious care in the manner of presenting this work, but it is my belief that in order for Islam and Muslims to go forward in harmony and solidarity, we have to have the courage to recognize the truth of our past and rationally discuss the matter in a dignified and scholarly fashion. When an injustice is done in the past against others, then it becomes incumbent upon the people of the present to acknowledge it and make amends. This needs to happen so that the Muslims can truly practice what Allah has intended for them - a religion of brotherhood, peace, and justice. Until the end of time, even the most sincere Muslims will disagree upon what they truly believe is the most correct path. However, while accepting that there will be disagreement, it is important to represent each school of thought accurately - as it represents itself, and as reliable and mutually agreed-upon historical...

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Contents PROLOGUE ........................................................................................................................... I DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................... XI CHAPTER 1 SMASHING THE IDOLS OF TRIBALISM ............................................ 1 CHAPTER 2 QURAYSH GROUP ................................................................................... 5 Development of the Quraysh Group............................................................................................................... 5 Objective of the Quraysh Group ....................................................................................................................... 6 Emergence of the Quraysh Group .................................................................................................................... 7 Quraysh Group Appears on the Scene .........................................................................................................10 “Calamity of Thursday” ......................................................

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Terrorism could be the heading of the running chapter in human history though strife had always been its grand title. Assorted terrorist groups to espouse their parochial causes have come to target their ideological opponents with utter cynicism. At least they have an articulated grievance and identified opponents with defined terror zones that are amenable for containment and redressal and or both at some stage or the other. But what of the jihadi terrorism and how is it that the western-educated, non-conformist, Muslim youth all over, not to speak of the fresh converts from other faiths get attracted to fight for Islam and die for it? It matters little where we live in this wide world, and one being a Musalman is no guarantee either to escape being its victim. Its madness might reduce us to a statistic of the dead or injured in tomorrow's newspaper headline in today's fidayeen attack. If left unabated it might one day engulf all of us in the Third World War. And thus the significance of any exercise aimed at improving our understanding of the involved issues cannot be overemphasized. Possibly in a new non-fiction genre, this th...

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Pitfalls of Faith If the ecstasy of the Quran is the soul of Islam, the legend of Muhammad is the mind of the Musalman. The exalted sense of his pedigree could have made Muhammad fiercely honest, even in the state of deprivation. It is to be appreciated that neither his insignificance as an orphan affected his self-worth nor his poverty dented his self-esteem. While nature endowed him with a shrewd mind his destiny seems to have helped him cultivate a sense of purpose. Though unlettered, he obviously possessed native intelligence, and thus was alive to every opportunity that came his way. Above all, at some stage at least, he seems to have developed an unwavering faith in his own destiny. As can be seen, he was an uncanny man manager and mob manipulator extraordinary. His exemplary personal courage in battle enabled him lead by example, and this single character of his played no mean a part in the battles his faithful fought to raise the standard of Islam in the nations of the world. Though he grew up in an environment of sentimentality, he imbibed a balanced outlook that his stint as the Czar of Medina turned into statesmanship. ...

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1. Preface of Strife 2. Advent of Dharma 3. God’s quid pro Quo 4. Pyramids of Wisdom 5. Ascent to Descent 6. The Zero People 7. Coming of the Christ 8. Legacy of Prophecy 9. War of Words 10. Czar of Medina 11. Angels of War 12. Privates of ‘the God’ 13. Playing to the Gallery 14. Perils of History 15. Pitfalls of Faith 16. Blinkers of Belief 17. Shackles of Sharia 18. Anatomy of Islam 19. Fight for the Souls 20. India in Coma 21. Double Jeopardy 22. Paradise of Parasites 23. The Number Game 24. Winds of Change 25. Ant Grows Wings 26. Constitutional Amnesia 27. The Stymied State 28. The Wages of God 29. Delusions of Grandeur 30. Ways of the Bigots 31. The Rift Within 32. The Way Around 33. The Hindu Rebound 34. Wait for the Savant...

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Having lost her mother, and virtually rendered `orphan`, in the absence of `father`, a little girl Named Bhoomika, by dint of sheer circumstances, happens to reach a virgin teacher. Here, the `blessed opportunity for education` awaits her, as she is inspired and guided by this benevolent lady towards higher education. Once, she was offered a part-time job of `a reader for a blind class-fellow` of hers at Khadi Degree College, Guwahati: and she gladly accepted it. Of course, some nascent opportunities came to her, even in Delhi, when she was staying in a Working Women’s Hostel, while doing some odd jobs to support self, economically. But the travails of life also came her way; and she coped up with every sort of situation, by way of `fine-tuning` the responses from her brain and heart, every time, with an objective to attaining a quality decision from within. Having once been requested by very senior colleague to stay with one spinster Professor, during her illness, she served the lady so dutifully that the Professor persistently requested her to live with her till the young girl is married off. Having attained some extraordinary ...

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"In fact, I had never spoken to her even a single word, though she continued to send me signals for initiating a dialogue with her. I had to go to fetch my daily quota of water from the water-tap, provided at the back of her tenement, for all the four segments, in the vicinity. Almost every time, we had to place our buckets or utensils, in a queue, while waiting for our turn. Being shy of passing through the front lane, while approaching the water-tap, I preferred to walk along the back of the segment, in our front. God knows, how she could spot me from such a long distance that I had come out of my room, with buckets in my hands. Quite often, I marked her busy in looking towards me with furtive glances, while waiting for her turn, as she would deliberately waste her time, simply to ignore the fact of my arrival there and would thus make room for me to place my buckets before hers.” .......... It pains him to recall his last meeting with that `unfortunate girl`, who was destined to spend a spinster's life and breathe her last, while resting her head at Bihari's knee, who kept caressing her forehead, in the presence of her trusted ...

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This book also begins with that wondrous first Information Technology and then moves on to tales about the wonders of the written word—great stories, many of them likely new to most readers. In them, you‘ll find all the backgrounds, foregrounds, premises, conclusions, and surprises that make up the best and most valuable books....

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In the Bible, God‘s first gift to man isn‘t a lesson about how to make a fire or fashion a needle, a knife, or a spear. He first blesses him with language. Even before He takes Adam‘s rib to make Eve, He tells Adam to name every living creature. Adam immediately understands God‘s words and enunciates his own....

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1. Did Water Monkeys Swim before We Spoke?-From whence cometh language, the InfoTech that lets us dominate our planet? We listen. We easily hallucinate word boundaries. Spaces, such as you see in writing, are absent from speech. Yet somehow we find it easy to make sense of speech. -- 2. The Gift of Memory-For millennia, mnemonics reigned over commerce, news, entertainment, and the perpetuation and refinement of crafts. -- 3. From Whence Cometh Indo-European Tongues?-Did a freshwater lake community flee a saltwater surge that filled the Black Sea and scatter its language west toward the Atlantic, southeast toward India, and northeast toward the Pacific? -- 4. Scripting Symbols of Shape-Scripting symbolic images lets man communicate over space and time. Balance of power shifts from tribal chiefs to city-state warrior-kings and priests. -- 5. Symbols of Sound Demand Analysis-The alphabet makes the pen mightier than the sword, generating the powers of knowledge needed to create and govern empires. -- 6. China‘s InfoTech Siblings-For centuries, the Chinese keep to themselves ?the wasps’ secret? and then develop printing blocks—the precur...

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Having lost her mother, and virtually rendered `orphan`, in the absence of `father`, a little girl Named Bhoomika, by dint of sheer circumstances, happens to reach a virgin teacher. Here, the `blessed opportunity for education` awaits her, as she is inspired and guided by this benevolent lady towards higher education. Once, she was offered a part-time job of `a reader for a blind class-fellow` of hers at Khadi Degree College, Guhahati: and she gladly accepted it. Of course, some nascent opportunities came to her, even in Delhi, when she was staying in a Working Women’s Hostel, while doing some odd jobs to support self, economically. But the travails of life also came her way; and she coped up with every sort of situation, by way of `fine-tuning` the responses from her brain and heart, every time, with an objective to attaining a quality decision from within. Having once been requested by very senior colleague to stay with one spinster Professor, during her illness, she served the lady so dutifully that the Professor persistently requested her to live with her till the young girl is married off. Having attained some extraordinary ...

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"In fact, I had never spoken to her even a single word, though she continued to send me signals for initiating a dialogue with her. I had to go to fetch my daily quota of water from the water-tap, provided at the back of her tenement, for all the four segments, in the vicinity. Almost every time, we had to place our buckets or utensils, in a queue, while waiting for our turn. Being shy of passing through the front lane, while approaching the water-tap, I preferred to walk along the back of the segment, in our front. God knows, how she could spot me from such a long distance that I had come out of my room, with buckets in my hands. Quite often, I marked her busy in looking towards me with furtive glances, while waiting for her turn, as she would deliberately waste her time, simply to ignore the fact of my arrival there and would thus make room for me to place my buckets before hers.” .......... It pains him to recall his last meeting with that `unfortunate girl`, who was destined to spend a spinster's life and breathe her last, while resting her head at Bihari's knee, who kept caressing her forehead, in the presence of her trusted ...

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The Rise of Peace is an English version Of Urdu Novel“ Tuloo e Amn ” Dedicated to all victims of terrorist attacks (Muslims, Non Muslims) The Scenario… The Central Theme This Novel has been written in the context of present day fast changing political scenario of the world. Most important international burning issues have been touched in this novel in the most skilful and careful manner. Shall this peace seeking world ever reach the lasting peace..? There is destruction of all anti peace world forces in attempt to convert this world into peaceful world. All nations live peacefully in the long run. People respect each other’s religious, territorial limits and social taboo. This Novel is an action and adventure based fiction and an attempt to make this world as joint peaceful global village free of discriminations of caste and racial and Islamic and non Islamic likes and dislikes. Author seems to stress upon the fact that discriminations of this sort are very fatal for the restoration of world peace. Unless this discrimination is not completely finished it is almost impossible to convert this world into one peaceful ...

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Bismillah Hirrahmaan Nirraheem In the name of Allah Almighty, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful….The Most Beloved Prophet of Allah Almighty, Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) ************************************* A Novel in English and Urdu An English Version Of Urdu Novel“ Tuloo e Amn ” Author of Both Versions; Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Shahid Amin Sheikh (MBBS, DLO) Pakistan. Copy Rights are Reserved Copyright © 2011 Dr. Hafiz Shahid Amin All rights reserved. Neither this publication nor any part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of The Dr. Hafiz Shahid Amin. The Rise of Peace 3 Table of Contents Title Of Novel About The Author The Scenario The Preface Chapter-1….Meeting Of World Leaders Chapter-2….Dr Jabran and Robot Sunny Chapter-3….The Chief of ZSCIA Chapter-4… Killing of EX PM Chapter-5….The Naval Fleet of Zulimistan Chapter-6….Deaths of Muslim Leaders Chapter-7…. Zulimistan Thinkers Association Chapter-8…. President David of Zulimis...

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Table of Contents Title of Novel About The Author The Scenario The Preface Chapter-1 Meeting Of World Leaders Chapter-2 Dr. Jabran and Robot Sunny Chapter-3…. The Chief of ZSCIA Chapter-4 Killing of EX PM Chapter-5 The Naval Fleet of Zulimistan Chapter-6 Deaths of Muslim Leaders Chapter-7 Zulimistan Thinkers Association Chapter-8 President David of Zulimistan Chapter- 9 Chief of MFP Dr. Jabran Chapter- 10 Operation Tariq Bin Ziyad Chapter- 11 Missile Attacks on Zamaril Chapter -12 ZTA in Zulimistan Court Chapter -13 President’s Plans against ZTA Chapter -14 MFP Attacks Green House Chapter -15 MFP Attacks on Zulimistan Chapter -16 MFP Addresses to Zulimistan Chapter -17 President David in MFP Chapter -18 The Destructions in Zulimistan Chapter -19 Supreme Court Verdict Chapter -20 World Peace Formula ...

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On preservation of the Western rights, freedoms and quality of life in 21st century and beyond

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Systemic approach to life of the highly cultured people provides them with higher level of happiness simply because their lives are better organized, risks are covered, reserves are maintained, dangers avoided, contacts established and so on so forth. Culture is not something that comes only with DNA, but genetic pre-disposition towards culture exists without doubt. Otherwise there would be no examples of people raising themselves above the scum they were born in and reaching high levels of society. Understanding of the elements of high culture, its systemic approach to organizing one’s life, can be practiced by virtually everybody. One just needs to want to elevate themselves and work towards that goal, which may involve getting better training and education, moving to a different neighborhood, getting a different job, spending time on more important things rather than on leisure, quitting drinking and smoking, refusing drugs, taking care of health, concentrating on the upbringing of the children and helping them in their adult life, babysitting grand-children, watching over quality of food supply and keeping the family ...

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Table of Contents Introduction iii Table of Contents iv About this book ix Who should not read this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Who is this book for? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Response to our critics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x About the authors xiii I What do we want to preserve and why? 1 1 Foreword 3 2 Measuring the quality of life 5 2.1 Individual happiness and self-fulfillment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Individual rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 Social harmony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Checks and balances 11 3.1 Acceptable personal risk and responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4 What is worth to fight for? 15 4.1 Security of the person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2 Personal and societal wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

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The 2000 year history of the atom and chemistry, from the Classic Greek Era to the present, is described in 800 pages, depicted with some 300 pictures and illustrations. This history of the atom and chemistry discusses the lives of about 180 chemists and physicists, through the evolution of several stages of development, representing the most important scientific accomplishments. The most significant discoveries in chemistry and physics are presented chronologically to illustrate their contributions to the creation of the chemical sciences during the last 21 centuries....

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INTRODUCTION It is a genuine pleasure and challenge for me to try to express the full extent of my emotions and reasons for writing this book on the STORY OF THE ATOM AND THE SCIENCES, with special reference to the CHEMICAL SCIENCES. In one sentence, I can distill the essence of the purpose for this study by simply stating that it has been a labor of love that transcended the written word because sentiments and ideas belong in the realm of the ethereal and the philosophical as well as in the domain of LITERATURE and SCIENCE. Ever since a young and impressionable student attending a country school in a community of a few hundred people, began to be introduced to the world of knowledge over 65 years ago, the sciences became to me what water is to fish, air is to birds and earth is to humanity. The introduction to the mathematical, physical, chemical and biological sciences felt like reading a beautiful poem or listening to a romantic melody. In essence, it was truly a joyful experience, full of the enigmatic, the mysterious and the fantastic, beyond my wildest imagination. The words used in the title of this book, were car...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 THE STORY OF THE ATOM AND CHEMISTRY 7 THE CAVE MAN 7 ABSTRACT ON THE CONCEPT OF PERSPECTIVE AND SENSE OF DUTY 8 THE MIGRATORY AND THE SEDENTARY MAN 9 ABSTRACT ON THE ATOM AND ITS ENERGY 11 THE CLASSIC GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS 17 EMPEDOCLES (492-432 BC) Greek Philosopher 20 Proposed the four basic elements: earth, water, air and fire. DEMOCRITUS (470-380 BC) Greek Philosopher 22 The founder of the atomic theory of antiquity. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (100-170) Greek Astronomer 24 Proponent of the geocentric theory of our solar system with the Earth and not the Sun at its center. ABSTRACT ON THE GENESIS OF AN ORDERLY AND SYSTEMATIC UNIVERSE 25 THE ALCHEMY OF ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES 32 THE METAL INDUSTRY OF ANTIQUITY 33 Mercury, Copper, Bronze, Iron and Steel. GEBER (721-815) Arabian Alchemist 38 One of the first scholars and alchemists of the Islamic world. OMAR KHAYYAM (12th Century). Persian Scientist and Astronomer 38 Brilliant astronomer and alchemist of the 12th Century. BERNARDO TREVISAN (1406 -1490) Italian Alchemist 39 One of the most famous alchemists of th...