This collection of oral history interviews was compiled by Kumu Pono Associates LLC, at the request of Sam Garcia, Jr., and Jon Garcia, and accompanies a collection of historical accounts dating from the 1790s to the 1950s. The larger study was undertaken as a part of a planning and land use program for a small parcel of land which the Garcia brothers inherited from their mother, Marjorie Kalehua Cockett-Garcia. The 5.497 acre parcel of land (TMK 2-1-007:067), is situated in the ahupuaa of Kaeo, in the Honuaula District on the island of Maui, and has been held by the family since 1956. Of particular importance to the present study, is the presence of a traditional Hawaiian site identified as “Kalani Heiau” (Site No. 196). In an effort to learn more about the heiau and other sites on the property, and to elicit recommendations for site preservation, the oral history interviews were conducted with kupuna and kamaaina of Makena-Kaeo vicinity—particularly with native members of the community, with ties to lands in the immediate vicinity of the Kaeo parcel. The resulting interviews provide readers with personal recollections and thought...

This book is the second of three volumes designed to provide a general history of the modern Hawaiian Kingdom. The first volume was published some years ago under the title, The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1778-1854: Foundation and Transformation. The third volume, which explores the years 1874-1893, deals with the reigns of Kalakaua and Liliuokalani, the expansive reciprocity era and the downfall of the monarchy. The present volume covers the middle period of the kingdom's history, between the close of the reign of Kamehameha III and the accession of Kalakaua. It was an important period with distinct and well-marked characteristics. The ideas of the kings and many of the influences at work differed significantly from those of the preceding and following reigns. But it has been comparatively neglected by students of Hawaiian history; relatively little has been written about it; and the noteworthy changes and advances which occurred during these years have received less attention than they deserve. In the present volume, an attempt has been made to get a truer perspective and to give a more adequate account of the developments of the period. T...

The first attempts to establish steam navigation among the Hawaiian islands were made by men engaged in similar enterprises in California; they were part of a much larger movement. The expansion of the United States to the Pacific coast, the extraordinarily rapid settlement of California after the discovery of gold in that region, and the quick rise of San Francisco to a position of importance in the commercial and maritime world deepened American interest in the Pacific region and in the trade of eastern Asia. This led naturally to discussion of the subject of steam navigation in the Pacific. Steamships were soon placed in operation along the American coast, and tentative plans were made for steamship lines to cross the great ocean to Hawaii, to the Orient, and to the British colonies in Australia and New Zealand. Projects for the annexation of Hawaii to the United States were another result of the same expansion movement, and there appears to have been a relationship between the idea of annexation and at least one of the schemes for putting steamships into the interisland service. Immediately after the beginning of the gold rush ...

Interisland Coasting Service. 3 -- Interisland Steam Navigation. 11 -- Transoceanic Transporation. 15 -- Harbor Improvements. 19 -- Land Travel. 23 -- Mail Service. 26 -- The New King. 33 -- Administrative Organization. 36 -- General Policy. 37 -- Mission of W. L. Lee. 39 -- Failure of the Reciprocity Treaty. 45 -- Great Britain and the Reciprocity Treaty. 47 -- New Treaty with France. 47 -- Quest for Security. 54 -- Hawaii's Neutrality in Time of War. 57 -- Hawaii and Japan. 66 -- The Queen's Hospital. 69 -- Leprosy. 72 -- Immigration. 75 -- The Royal Family. 78 -- Hawaiian Reformed Catholic Church. 84 -- Other Religious Developments. 99 -- Educational Developments. 106 -- Kamehameha III and the Constitution of 1852. 115 -- Amending the Constitution of 1852. 119 -- Death of Kamehameha IV and Accession of Kamehameha V. 124 -- Constitution of 1864. 127 -- Decline of Whaling Industry. 135 -- Growth of Sugar Industry. 140 -- Other Agricultural Activity. 149 -- Hawaii's Trade Balance. 163 -- Steamship Service: Interisland. 164 -- Steamship Service: Transoceanic. 168 -- Hotel and Public Works. 172 -- Government Finances. 175 -- Bureau of...

Beginning with the traditional history of the great chief ‘Umi and ending with the death of Kamehameha III in 1854, this volume covers the rediscovery of the Hawaiian Islands by Captain James Cook, the consolidation of the Hawaiian Kingdom by Kamehameha I, the coming of the missionaries and the changes affecting the kingdom during the first half of the nineteenth century. Originally, this history was written by Kamakau in Hawaiian as a series of newspaper articles in the 1860s and 1870s. The English translation is primarily by Mary Kawena Pukui. It offers more than a record of past events. It presents a scholarly interpretation of those events by a Hawaiian historian writing for Hawaiians about their culture and disappearing customs. He lived at a time when access to first-hand information about the ancient culture was still available yet needed explanation because his Hawaiian audience was growing increasingly removed from its own cultural past. He wrote with a remarkable memory, a strong intellectual curiosity and a skill for turning a phrase. Samuel Manaiakalani Kamakau was born in 1815 on the island of O‘ahu and died in Honolu...

The first article, dated December 16, 1920, was entitled “A Tale of Kekuhaupi‘o, the Famous Warrior of the Era of Kamehameha the Great (Written for the readers of Ka Hoku o Hawaii).” The serial initially focuses on the story of Kekuhaupi‘o, an exceptionally strong and skillful Hawaiian warrior from Ke‘ei, South Kona. As with most noted warriors, he was a master in the ways of battle strategy and in understanding human nature in his enemies and allies alike. Kekuhaupi‘o advocated the importance of continued training to be always prepared for battle. He believed in heeding the omens of the gods of ancient Hawai‘i—spirits from whom victory or defeat was thought to spring. Kekuhaupi‘o was well versed in the many disciplines of Hawaiian warfare, particularly that of lua (a bone-breaking form of wrestling), and a master in the use of weaponry....

The Young Kekuhaupi‘o. 1 -- A New Teacher.. 3 -- The Ailolo Ceremony.. 6 -- Luring the Niuhi Shark.. 9 -- The Niuhi Shark: Methods of Capture.. 11 -- Battling the Niuhi Shark. 13 -- Ailolo Offering and a Lua Contest.. 15 -- Ikoi, the Tripping Club, and Delegate Kuhio. 18 -- Demonstrating Ikoi.. 20 -- The Ikoi Contest and Return Home.. 23 -- Birth of Kamehameha I.. 25 -- Kekuhaupi‘o Becomes an Instructor.. 28 -- Battle of Kalaeokailio, Kaupo.. 30 -- Kalani‘opu‘u Again Takes War to Maui. 33 -- Kalani‘opu‘u Disregards his Kahuna. 35 -- Kekuhaupi‘o’s Adventure with Kamehameha on Maui. 38 -- Disaster at Kakanilua, Maui. 41 -- Slaughter on Maui. 44 -- Kiwala‘o Sent to Sue for Peace. 47 -- On Board Captain Cook’s Ship and the Thundering Cannon. 51 -- First Encounters with Europeans. 55 -- Kamehameha Sails with Cook. 59 -- Training for Battle in Kohala. 62 -- Kekuhaupi‘o Rebukes Kamehameha and Prepares for War. 65 -- Fighting at Hakalau. 68 -- Kekuhaupi‘o Kills Kaihe and Kamehameha Recalled to Kohala. 71The Naha Stone. 75 -- Kamehameha Moves the Naha Stone. 79 -- Kalani‘opu‘u’s Bequests. 82 -- ‘Imakakoloa Sacrificed. 85 -- Kuka‘ilimoku Give...

In a traditional Hawaiian context, nature and culture are one and the same, there is no division between the two. The wealth and limitations of the land and ocean resources gave birth to, and shaped the Hawaiian world view. The aina (land), wai (water), kai(ocean), and lewa (sky) were the foundation of life and the source of the spiritual relationship between people and their environs. Every aspect of life, whether in the sky, on land, or of the waters was believed to have been the physical body-forms assumed by the creative forces of nature, and the greater and lesser gods and goddesses of the Hawaiian people. Respect and care for nature, in turn meant that nature would care for the people. Thus, Hawaiian culture, for the most part, evolved in a healthy relationship with the nature around it, and until the arrival of foreigners on Hawaiian shores, the health and well-being of the people was reflected in the health of nature around them. Today, whether looking to the sea and fisheries, or to the flat lands and mountains, or to the condition of the people, it is all too easy to find signs of stress and diminishing health of Hawaiian ...

At the request of Scott R. Atkinson, Director of Marine and Coastal Conservation, of The Nature Conservancy, and in partnership with the Department of Land and Natural Resources-Division of Aquatic Resources, the University of Hawaii-Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, and various community organizations, Kumu Pono Associates (Maly and Maly) conducted detailed archivalhistorical documentary research, and oral history interviews to identify and document, traditional knowledge of Hawaiian fisheries—including those extending from mountain streams to the beaches, estuaries and near shore, and extending out to the deep sea—and changes in the nature of fishery resources of the Hawaiian Islands as recorded in both written and oral historical descriptions. The historical documentary research cited in this study was compiled from documentary research conducted by Kepa Maly over the last 30 years, and from additional research with specific emphasis on fisheries, conducted between August 2002 to May 2003. The archival-historical research and oral history interviews conducted for this study were performed in a manner consistent with Federal and...

The love of personal decoration appears very early in the history of the human race. When the fierce struggle for existence and the pursuit of food and shelter allowed time for the consideration of family, the keen hunters must have learned many a lesson from the beasts of the field and forest,—not less from the birds of the air, of the processes of Nature which Mr. Darwin has called sexual selection. That any savage ever reasons out these processes cannot be believed, but the sharp eye trained in daily hunts could not be blind to the patent fact that so many birds have plumage evidently intended for attractive decoration, and that it answers this purpose. Savage man at first put on the adornments in which he saw the male of so many birds and beasts was resplendent, and not until many ages after was the woman allowed to appropriate to her own use what in early tribal life was the exclusive property of the male....

The lion's mane, the tiger's skin, the eagle's feather were man's earliest adornment, and it is not improbable that woman in humble emulation of her lord made for herself clusters and bands of flowers or fruits, while the dwellers on the ocean shores soon took the sea-shells cast on the sandy beach. The warrior of the far North has the eagle and hawk from which to borrow, and the ancient war dress of a Mandan chief was decorated with spoil of these and other birds; but in the warmer regions of the earth, where Nature puts forth all her powers, and birds and insects vie in coloring with the most brilliant flowers, uncivilized man has wantoned in the prodigality and fashioned for himself a gorgeous decoration taken from the captives of his bow, net, or blow-gun....

This book is one of a series written for Kamehameha Schools Intermediate Reading Program (KSIRP) students. They are designed to increase students' reading skills and their knowledge of Hawaiian history and culture by focusing on topics such as the Hawaiian monarchy. The books are written by KSIRP staff in an effort to provide young readers with culturally relevant materials in language arts and Hawaiian studies. The authors are pleased that the books have been well received by both educational and general audiences. The books are being translated from their original English into Hawaiian through the efforts of the staff of the Hawaiian Studies Institute (HSI). Both KSIRP and HSI are Community Education Division programs of Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. KSIRP is operated in collaboration with the State of Hawaii Department of Education at several intermediate schools throughout the state....

Hawaii existed as a unified nation for eighty-three years, from 1810 to 1893, closing with the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. Two dynasties ruled, the Kamehameha dynasty and the Kalakaua dynasty. A dynasty is a series of rulers who belong to the same family. The first sovereign was Kamehameha the Great, the founder of the kingdom. The second and third sovereigns were Kamehameha's sons, Liholiho (Kamehameha II) and Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III). They were followed by Kamehameha's grandsons, Alexander Liholiho (Kamehameha IV) and Lot Kapuaiwa (Kamehameha V)....

Preface. vii -- Acknowledgments. ix -- Introduction. 1 -- A Royal Birth. 4 -- The Chiefs' Children's School. 7 -- The Prince and the Princess. 14 -- The Trip Abroad. 18 -- Government Positions. 25 -- The Prince Becomes King. 27 -- "Last Great Chief of the Olden Type". 29 -- Changing the Constitution of 1852. 33 -- The Constitution of 1864. 38 -- Preference for Britain. 41 -- Opposed to Annexation. 45 -- The Sugar Industry. 48 -- No Reciprocity Treaty. 52 -- Other Products to Export. 55 -- Hawaiian Population Decreases. 57 -- Workers from China and Japan. 64 -- Natural Disasters. 68 -- Buildings for Honolulu. 73 -- Kamehameha V's Social Life. 79 -- Country Homes. 81 -- Kamehameha Day. 85 -- The Royal Hawaiian Band. 88 -- The King's Last Years. 93 -- "God's Will Be Done!". 97 -- Aliiolani: A Name Chant. 99 -- Impressions of Kamehameha V. 100 -- Onipaa: Immovable, Firm. 107 -- Bibliography. 109 --...

This book is one of a series written for Kamehameha Schools Intermediate Reading Program (KSIRP) students. They are designed to increase students' reading skills and their knowledge of Hawaiian history and culture by focusing on topics such as the Hawaiian monarchy. The books are written by KSIRP staff in an effort to provide young readers with culturally relevant materials in language arts and Hawaiian studies. The authors are pleased that the books have been well received by both educational and general audiences. KSIRP is a Community Education Division program of Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. It is operated in collaboration with the State of Hawai?i Department of Education at several intermediate schools throughout the state....

Lili?uokalani was born on September 2, 1838, to the High Chief Caesar Kapa?akea and High Chiefess Keohokalole. She was named Lili?u (Smarting) Kamaka?eha (The Sore Eye). It may seem as if the baby had an eye problem when she was born, but this was not so. The High Chiefess Kina?u, who gave Lili?u her name, was the one with the sore eye. Besides Lili?u Kamaka?eha, her Christian name was Lydia, a name given her at her baptism. It was not until years later that she was called Lili?uokalani....

Preface. vii -- Acknowledgments. ix -- Introduction. 1 -- Early Years. 3 -- School Years. 5 -- Marriage. 13 -- Waikiki Estate. 15 -- From Lili?u to Lili?uokalani. 19 -- A Working Princess. 21 -- The Golden Jubilee. 25 -- The English Clock. 29 -- A Sad Start. 31 -- The Queen's Story. 37 -- The Other Side of the Story. 41 -- The Queen Surrenders. 53 -- Annexation or No. 55 -- A Major Obstacle. 6l -- The Fight Goes On. 65 -- A Hawaiian in America. 75 -- The End of the Hawaiian Kingdom. 79 -- The Queen's Legacy. 89 -- Aloha ?Oe. 95 -- Conclusion. 97 -- Bibliography. 99 --...

This book is one of a series written for Kamehameha Schools Intermediate Reading Program (KSIRP) students. They are designed to increase students' reading skills and their knowledge of Hawaiian history and culture by focusing on topics such as the Hawaiian monarchy. The books are written by KSIRP staff in an effort to provide young readers with culturally relevant materials in language arts and Hawaiian studies. The authors are pleased that the books have been well received by both educational and general audiences. KSIRP is a Community Education Division program of Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. It is operated in collaboration with the State of Hawaii Department of Education at several intermediate schools throughout the state....

The monarchy period in Hawaii spanned eighty-three years from 1810 to 1893, closing with the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. Beginning with Kamehameha the Great and ending with Liliuokalani, this royal group included seven kings and one queen. Each monarch ruled for a period of time and in that time saw important changes take place in Hawaii. With the changes came many problems. With the problems came the challenge to seek solutions. Each ruler dealt with the changes and problems in a different way. This is the story of one of the ruling monarchs of Hawaii, King William Charles Lunalilo....

Two centuries ago, when Hawaiian prophets were still honored for their insights, Kapihe was one of the most gifted. A kahuna or priest in the court of Kamehameha I and a descendant of the famed Napua line, he had prophesied the downfall of the kapu, the ancient religious system and the 1819 Battle of Kuamo?o which decided the course of modern Hawaiian history. One of Kapihe's last great prophecies may have been the one recorded in the Journal of the missionary William Ellis. Although Ellis branded him a "false prophet," he still thought enough of his calling to preserve for posterity the following prophecy: "Kapihe... informed Tamehameha that when he should die, Kuahiro would take his spirit to the sky, and accompany it to the earth again, when his body would be reanimated and youthful; that he would have his wives, and resume his government in Hawai?i; and that, at the same time, the existing generation would see and know their parents and ancestors, and all the people who had died would be restored to life."1 What did Kapihe mean? Was he referring to the literal resurrection of Kamehameha and his future return to earth, as some...

To Hawaiians of the time 1831 was not an auspicious year. Civil war was narrowly averted that year when Liliha, the popular widow of Boki, the tragic entrepreneur-chief, was dissuaded from launching an armed revolt against the Regent Kaahumanu. Now a fervent convert to Christianity, Kaahumanu imposed new ns and over the spirit. A miasmal melancholy hung listlessly over the land."...

Acknowledgments . vii -- Prologue . ix -- Genealogical Table . xi -- 1 Hawaiian Roots . 1 -- 2 At the Chiefs' Children's School . 21 -- 3 From Courtship to Marriage . 55 -- 4 Life at Haleakala . 79 -- 5 A Captive of the Politics of Fate . 107 -- 6 Revelations of an Odyssey . 127 -- 7 The Seeds and the Corpus . 149 -- 8 Hele La O Kaiona . 167 -- Notes . 195 -- Appendix . 205 -- Bibliography . 211 -- Index . 217 --...

This third volume of the definitive history of the Hawaiian Kingdom completes the project launched over forty years ago by the Historical Commission of the Territory of Hawaii and taken over in 1932 by the Department of History of the University of Hawaii. As originally planned by Professor Ralph Simpson Kuykendall, the first six chapters of this book were to be included in the second volume of the series, but it was decided that earlier publication of that volume was preferable. The present volume was to have included the history of the Republic of Hawaii until its annexation to the United States in 1898. Professor Kuykendall had to revise some of his early chapters because they had been written with that date in view. As more and more of the material became available from the archives of foreign countries, the very bulk of the data would have made it necessary to limit the present study to the reigns of Kalakaua and Liliuokalani, to the downfall of the monarchy, and to the Provisional Government which preceded the establishment of the Republic of Hawaii on July 4, 1894. Professor Kuykendall had been ill for several months bef...

In his history of the last years of the Hawaiian monarchy (1874–1893), Professor Kuykendall shows clearly the effects of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 with the United States, tying Hawaii so closely to its nearest neighbor, economically, that annexation became inevitable. Immigration problems, from the labor supply for the plantations to the repeopling of the Kingdom, are given an impartial and well-balanced treatment. And in handling the account of the apparently inevitable decline and overthrow of the monarchy, as well as political questions generally, Professor Kuykendall leans over backward to be fair. When he feels the need to pronounce judgment his words are doubly damning because he so seldom does so. The present volume is based chiefly on manuscript sources from the State Archives of Hawaii, the British Public Records Office, the Archives of the United States, and files of contemporary newspapers and periodicals. Much of this data from outside the State was secured on microfilm but some of it had been copied in typescript over thirty years ago. Dr. Kuykendall's method was to collect as complete a bibliography as pos...

Chapter 1. Kalakaua Becomes King. 3 -- Chapter 2. Reciprocity: The Dream Comes True. 17 -- Try, Try Again. 17 -- Negotiation Of The Treaty. 22 -- Amendment, Ratification, And Legislation. 26 -- British Reaction To The Reciprocity Treaty. 40 -- Chapter 3. Reciprocity And The Hawaiian Economy: The Sugar Industry. 46 -- Sugar And Rice, But Mainly Sugar. 46 -- Problem Of Capital. 53 -- Claus Spreckels. 59 -- Acreage Devoted To Sugar. 62 -- Water. 62 -- Fertilizer. 70 -- Lahaina Cane. 71 -- The Sugar Factory. 72 -- Organization For Mutual Benefit. 74 -- Chapter 4. Reciprocity And The Hawaiian Economy: The Business Community. 19 -- Business Center Of The Kingdom. 79 -- Banks. 82 -- Chamber Of Commerce. 85 -- The Circulating Medium. 86 -- Growing Metropolis. 94 -- Railroads. 98 -- Interisland Transportation. 100 -- Transoceanic Transportation. 103 -- Harbor Improvements. 106 -- Diversified Industries. 107 -- Tourist Industry. 110 -- Waikiki. 112 -- The Volcano. 114 -- Chapter 5. Reciprocity And Hawaii's Population: Immigration From China, Europe, The Pacific Islands. 116 -- Promotion Of Immigration. 117 -- Chinese: I. 119 -- Portuguese. 12...

This book is one of a series written for Kamehameha Schools Intermediate Reading Program (KSIRP) students. They are designed to increase students reading skills and their knowledge of Hawaiian history and culture by focusing on topics such as the Hawaiian monarchy. The books are written by KSIRP staff in an effort to provide young readers with culturally relevant materials in language arts and Hawaiian studies. The authors are pleased that the books have been well received by both educational and general audiences. The books are being translated from their original English text into Hawaiian through the efforts of the staff of the Hawaiian Studies Institute (HSI). Both KSIRP and HSI are Community Education Division programs of Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. KSIRP is operated in collaboration with the State of Hawaii Department of Education at several intermediate schools throughout the state....

Kamehameha III: Kauikeaouli is a biography of the Hawaiian kingdoms third ruler. A biography is a written story of a persons life and is based upon historical records. This story tells about the significant events of Kauikeaoulis life. It starts with his birth and childhood and continues through his reign of nearly thirty years. From 1810 to 1893 the kingdom of Hawaii was ruled by eight monarchs. Of all these rulers Kauikeaouli reigned the longest. Under his leadership Hawaii changed from an isolated island kingdom to a recognized member of the modern world. Many of the things he did as king still influence life in Hawaii today....

Preface. ix -- Acknowledgments. xi -- Introduction. 1 -- Birth of a Prince. 3 -- Early Childhood. 6 -- Breaking of the Eating Kapu. 10 -- The Missionaries Arrive. 12 -- Liholihos Successor. 14 -- The Boy King and Kaahumanu. 18 -- Kinau Becomes Kuhina Nui. 24 -- Kauikeaouli Rebels. 27 -- Kauikeaouli and Nahienaena. 31 -- Kauikeaouli Marries Kalama. 36 -- Hanai Son, Alexander Liholiho. 38 -- Kekauluohi Becomes Kuhina Nui. 40 -- Religious Freedom. 42 -- "A Kingdom of Learning". 45 -- Lahainaluna School. 47 -- The Chiefs Childrens School. 49 -- Public Education. 52 -- Foreigners Demand Changes. 55 -- A Constitutional Government. 60 -- The Declaration of Rights-1839. 60 -- The Constitution of 1840. 61 -- Takeover of the Kingdom. 64 -- Restoration of the Kingdom. 67 -- An Independent Nation. 71 -- Unequal Treaties. 71 -- Recognition of Independence. 74 -- From Lahaina to Honolulu. 77 -- Land Ownership. 79 -- The Right to Own Land. 79 -- The Hawaiian Belief. 83 -- The Land Commission. 86 -- The Mahele. 87 -- The Resident Alien Act of 1850. 93 -- The Kuleana Act of 1850. 94 -- The Constitution of 1852. 98 -- Threats to Hawaiis Peace and Sec...