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...have in this volume been revised and expanded. The original notes were written during the early 1950s, and since that time the number of students of Polynesian languages has increased considerably, with resulting increase in knowledge of these languages. This new Grammar, therefore, presents an approach rather different from the previous one; however, it is not couched i...

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...s by Adelbert von Chamisso and W. D. Alexander, student papers, and the writings of Bruce Biggs, Patrick Hohepa, and Andrew Pawley concerning other Polynesian languages have been helpful in the years of preparation of this volume. Emily A. Hawkins' doctoral dissertation and William H. Wilson's masters' thesis, both at the University of Hawai'i, have aided materially i...

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...Hawaiian is but a dialect of the great Polynesian language, which is spoken with extraordinary uniformity over all the numerous islands of the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and Hawaii. Again, the Polynesian language is but one member of that wide-spread fami...

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...ce of articulate sounds termed words; 2nd, by characters representing articulate sounds. The former is addressed to the ear, the latter to the eye. Languages, like the people of the earth, are divided into great families. These again, owing to some local or other circumstances, are divided into Dialects. A dialect is a branch of some more general language. A dialect i...

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...nued his education in Kitzbuhel, Austria, in Munich and in Geneva where he studied languages. But the chain of disappointments continued apace. He ... ..." published in 1953. It was the first of 12 James Bond thrillers, translated to 11 languages and with total sales of 18 million copies. James Bond ... ... in occupied France, and the Americans (Marlene Dietrich). It was translated to 48 languages, including Hebrew, the language of most holocaust surv... ... Valley. There are numerous other etymologies attributing OK to a host of other languages, from Native-American to Creole, and to everything fro... ...an invention. The USA was preceded by the Aztecs, ancient China, feudal Japan, the Polynesian islands, Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Ca... ... as "scae", or "sche" and in Old English where it was "sio", or (as in Norsk-Viking languages) "seo", or, in the accusative, sie. But women sim...

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...e work does not pretend to be a philosophical treatise, or to be a complete account of the struct ure and peculiarities of the Hawaiian branch of the Polynesian language. But it is hoped that it may be of service to those who wish to study the genuine, uncorrupted idiom as spoken by the older Hawaiians, as well as to students of comparative philology. The terms and divisio...

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...s Cook's third voyage, in which he and some of his crew recorded their efforts to communicate with this latest (and for Cook, the last) branch of the Polynesian peoples encountered on their exploration of the Pacific. Luckily for those of us interested in language, we had our counterparts over two centuries ago: some people who wrote down just a few words of Hawaiian, and ...

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...able by the paucity of sounds and the lack of closed syllables and consonant clusters. On the Mainland, place names have been taken from a great many languages—some of them European—but a large proportion are from the languages of the first inhabitants, the American Indians. These languages, some of which are extinct, number many dozens, and some of them are of a bewilderi...

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... Market The Edge of Waikiki Pikake Terrace Splash Bar & Bento Creation - A Polynesian Journey beachhouse at the moana the veranda breakfast the verand... ...rld. ASTRONOMY World’s best place to study the Universe In ancient times, Polynesian voyagers used navigational knowledge they gained from observin... ... and the oceans Building on the rich cultural heritage of the seafaring Polynesians, Hawai‘i has become a leader in advanced ocean technology. An... ...ations in those countries.” The Convention Center staf, skilled in Asian languages, will cross the Pacifc with the leaders of U.S. associations to... ...nded periodontology meetings in Japan, developed micro- websites in Asian languages and used That “matchmaking” paid of for the Academy of American... ...sia. ❏ HAWAI‘I: The Islands’ remarkable cultural diversity, traditional Polynesian hospitality and great natural beauty make people want to atten... ...NY L 84 APEC 2011 · HAWAII BUSINESS A common thread ties the ancient Polynesians who frst set foot on these Islands to the watermen of today’s ...

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...Muslim, 1% other Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages (prima... ...lican, 26.0% Roman Catholic, 24.3% other Christian Language: English, native languages Infant mortality rate: 10/1,000 (1983) Life expectancy: men 72.... ...; Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least six major tribal languages in north Infant mortality rate: 45/1,000 (1984) Life expectancy... ...% Protes- tant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown Infant mortality rate: 2... ...ality: noun Cook Islanders); adjective Cook Islander Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian an... ...5,683 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.84% Nationality: noun French Polynesian(s); adjective French Polynesian Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesi... ...r 60% Roman Catholic, 30% Protestant, 10% other Language: French; Melanesian-Polynesian dialects Labor force: 50,469 (1980 est); Javanese and Tonkines... ... rate -3.21% Nationality: noun Niuean(s); adjective Niuean Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans Religion: 75% E... ...ic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist 184 Norfolk Island Language: Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English Literacy:...

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...is mandatory or prohibited, according to the social class (Bali, Papua New Guinea, Polynesian and Melanesian islands). In others, the Royal House s... ...anity of the Defense By: Dr. Sam Vaknin "You can know the name of a bird in all the languages of the world, but when you're finished, you'll know a...

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... them the same cognitive interpretations and the same emotional resonance ('private languages"). The same words, or symbols, often have different me... ...ruly global phenomenon in world affairs. Bound by a common history, a common set of languages, a common ethos, a common religion, common defenses an... ...d its correlate in the brain. The gap is even bigger when we try to apply natural languages to the description of emotions and sensations. This se... ...lement? We have already said that we are confined to using idiosyncratic emotional languages and that no dictionary is possible between them. Now ... ...elationship between this universal language and the idiosyncratic, individualistic languages is a relation of correlation. Pain is correlated to br... ...is mandatory or prohibited, according to the social class (Bali, Papua New Guinea, Polynesian and Melanesian islands). In others, the Royal House s... ...g two concurrent speeds or "clocks" of evolution can lead to biological disasters. Polynesian islanders were wiped out by diseases imported from Eu... ...is mandatory or prohibited, according to the social class (Bali, Papua New Guinea, Polynesian and Melanesian islands). In others, the Royal House s...

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... them the same cognitive interpretations and the same emotional resonance ('private languages"). The same words, or symbols, often have different me... ...ruly global phenomenon in world affairs. Bound by a common history, a common set of languages, a common ethos, a common religion, common defenses an... ...d its correlate in the brain. The gap is even bigger when we try to apply natural languages to the description of emotions and sensations. This se... ...lement? We have already said that we are confined to using idiosyncratic emotional languages and that no dictionary is possible between them. Now ... ...elationship between this universal language and the idiosyncratic, individualistic languages is a relation of correlation. Pain is correlated to br... ...is mandatory or prohibited, according to the social class (Bali, Papua New Guinea, Polynesian and Melanesian islands). In others, the Royal House s... ...g two concurrent speeds or "clocks" of evolution can lead to biological disasters. Polynesian islanders were wiped out by diseases imported from Eu... ...is mandatory or prohibited, according to the social class (Bali, Papua New Guinea, Polynesian and Melanesian islands). In others, the Royal House s...

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... where the young Venetian speedily acquired a knowledge of four of the leading languages of Tartary, and thus fitted himself for active service under ... ...thing was forgotten. All Europe was searched for slaves who understood eastern languages, and when one was discovered no price was too high to pay for... ... for the voyage, and as da Gama said, in any one vessel could be heard all the languages of the continent. The statement was true. There were Portugue... ...ego, which proved to be a coral island, lagoon shaped, and one of the numerous Polynesian group. No landing was made, and thereafter several islands w... ...who had held easy intercourse with the New Zealanders, the similarity of their languages being surprisingly great, was unable to understand a word utt... ...markable island in the Pacific Ocean. Although considered as belonging to the Polynesian group, it is so far isolated that there is no other island i...

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...from end to end with Marquesans: three brown- skinned generations, squatted cross-legged upon the floor, and regarding me in silence with embarrassing... ...ed by Caesar, and never been ruled by the wisdom of Gaius or Papinian. By 8 In The South Seas the same step I had journeyed forth out of that comfort... ... experience of the islands, I had never again so menacing a reception; were I to meet with such to-day, I should be more alarmed and tenfold more surp... ...our intimates, and one, at least, was to mourn sincerely our departure. CHAPTER II—MAKING FRIENDS THE IMPEDIMENT OF TONGUES was one that I particularl... ...h elegance. And they are extremely similar, so that a person who has a tincture of one or two may risk, not without hope, an attempt upon the others. ... ...English, and in the French zone (though far less commonly) a little French-English, or an efficient pidgin, what is called to the westward ‘Beach-la-M... ... natural fine manners, and a touchy punc- tilio, are common to both races: common to both tongues the trick of dropping medial consonants. Here is a t... ...population could be isolated, and this mispronunciation should become the rule, it might prove the first stage of transition from T to K, which is the...

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...hari- 4 Typee tably pass over his shortcomings in this particular. In the Polynesian words used in this volume,—except in those cases where the spell... ...ence among the Natives of a Valley of the Marquesas Islands; or, a Peep at Polynesian Life,’ or, more briefly, ‘Melville’s Marquesas Islands.’ It was ... ... to the scholarly aid of Dr. Titus Munson Coan, whose familiarity with the languages of the Pacific has enabled me to harmonise the spelling of foreig... ...has been such as to intimidate the boldest of their number. Ellis, in his ‘Polynesian Researches’, gives some interesting accounts of the abortive att... ...hout fear of contradictions that in all the cases of outrages committed by Polynesians, Euro- peans have at some time or other been the aggressors, an... ...ure; and in this indeed con- sists, I believe, the peculiar charm of every Polynesian land- scape. Everywhere below me, from the base of the precipice...

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...ry meaning at- tached to them, unless they can be illustrated from cognate languages. Now I have a taste for these things, and have in three weeks pro... ...now without doubt, that I have laid the foundation for a study of Oriental languages, if I have time and opportunity that may be fairly given to them.... ... and not say anything about it. I am heartily glad that you should acquire languages, modern as well as ancient. You know I have often pressed the for... ...owever, he was on his guard against, as he said, making the means the end. Languages were his pleasure, but a pleasure held in check as only sub- serv... ...y relinquished by its first teachers. This cut off all the properly called Polynesian isles, whose inhabitants are of the Malay type, and had been the... ...and complexion. These were regarded as less quick but more steady than the Polynesian race, with somewhat the same difference of character as there is... ...with Mr. Martin on our languages. We see already how strong an infusion of Polynesian elements exists in the Melanesian islands. With the language of ... ...tters, and the Judge kindly looked up the best books that exist in all the Polynesian languages, so that we can found our induction upon a comparison ... ...teson talk (by signs, &c.) with any of the people. ‘Still, as we know some Polynesian inhabitants of a neighbouring isle who have large sea canoes, an...

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...ood with her head bent, and heard Case to an end, spoke back in the pretty Polynesian voice, looking him full in the face, heard him again in an- swer... ...d held it in the air. “There went that rumour through the crowd with which Polynesians receive a prodigy. As for myself, I stood amazed. The thing was... ...ough the dirtiest you would wish to see, and he muddled me up with foreign languages worse than the tower of Babel. That was one employment we had, an... ... new thing. And the fact that the tale has been designed and written for a Polynesian audience may lend it some extraneous interest nearer home. – R. ...

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...whaleman, the Town-Ho,* was encoun- tered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians. In the short gam that ensued she gave us strong news of Moby D... ... climes. They contain round archipela- goes of romantic isles, even as the Polynesian waters do; in large part, are shored by two great contrasting na... ...ce, is but a passing fable. If then, Sir William Jones, who read in thirty languages, could not read the simplest peasant’s face in its profounder and... ...s were dancing with the olive-hued girls who had eloped with them from the Polynesian Isles; while suspended in an ornamented boat, firmly secured alo...

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... whaleman, the Town Ho, 1 was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians. In the short gam that ensued she gave us strong news of Moby D... ...of climes. They contain round archipelagoes of romantic isles, even as the Polynesian waters do; in large part, are shored by two great contrasting na... ...If Chapter 79 The Prairie 337 then, Sir William Jones, who read in thirty languages, could not read the simplest peasant’s face in its profounder and... ...s were dancing with the olive hued girls who had eloped with them from the Polynesian Isles; while suspended in an ornamented boat, firmly secured alof...

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...ific” are worse by far for the skin. You would begin to talk of scientific languages, of Esperanto, La Langue Bleue, New Latin, V olapuk, and Lord Lyt... ... thing. S S S S Section 6 ection 6 ection 6 ection 6 ection 6 This talk of languages, however, is a digression. We were on our way along the faint pat... ...e in several respects. It ignored the high pos- sibility of a synthesis of languages in the future; it came from a literary man, who wrote only Englis... ...m, was to Europeanise the world, to extend the fran- chise to negroes, put Polynesians into trousers, and train the teeming myriads of India to apprec... ...us diseases to which you yourselves are immune, as the missionaries do the Polynesians; you may resort to honest simple murder, as we English did with... ...osely allied, or quite independent nationalities as possible, just as many languages as possible, to deprecate armies and all controls, and to trust t... ...ge, French, for example, in their common schools, or to teach each other’s languages reciprocally? Why should they not aim at a common litera- ture, a...

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...line it is like a Monseratt of the Pacific, and you may imagine that there Polynesian knights guard with strange rites mysteries unholy for men to kno... ...Tiare mingled French with English in her con- versation, for she used both languages with equal facility. She spoke them with a singing accent which w... ...ht have been in a house in a provincial town in France, and the one or two Polynesian curios had an odd look. He took my hand in both of his — they we... ...k. Who can tell what anguished fancy made these fruits? They belonged to a Polynesian garden of the Hesperides. There was something strangely alive in...

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...he activity, all the tradi- tions, the complex organizations, the nations, languages, lit- eratures, aspirations, even the mere memory of Man as I kne... ...xplo- sion among the specimens. In another place was a vast array of idols—Polynesian, Mexican, Grecian, Phoenician, every country on earth I should t...

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... that of a mission- ary who would only too gladly overthrow and smash some Polynesian divinity of shark’s teeth and painted wood and mother-of-pearl. ... ...rch in pure science; associations for the teach- ing and simplification of languages; associations for promot- ing and watching education; association...

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...g one. She heard the observation pass between her aunt and the governess, ‘Languages fair, but she seems to have very little general information.’ Gen... ...Ger- man that is crammed down girl’s throats, whether they have a turn for languages or not? Do they ever read a German book? Now you learnt it for lo... ...ade to him to spend the intermediate time in a scientific cruise among the Polynesian Islands; but the letters he had found awaiting him at Vanua Levu...

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...ctions between leisure- class occupations are so minute and intricate. The Polynesian islanders generally show this stage of the development in good f... ...he instinct of self-preservation. So, for instance, we are told of certain Polynesian chiefs, who, under the stress of good form, preferred to starve ... ...ty of labour; so that even when construed in this sense the conduct of the Polynesian chiefs is truer to the canon of honorific leisure than would at ... ...n life. So, for instance, in our time there is the knowl- edge of the dead languages and the occult sciences; of cor- rect spelling; of syntax and pro... ...Hawaii, or the well-known cawed handles of the ceremonial adzes of several Polynesian islands, These are undeniably beautiful, both in the sense that ... ...ce of the vogue of the classics of the past — a knowledge of the an- cient languages, for instance, would have no practical bear- ing for any scientis... ...tem of education, the ability to use and to understand certain of the dead languages of southern Europe is not only gratifying to the person who finds... ...e on conspicuous leisure as a means of repute, the acquisition of the dead languages is no longer so imperative a requirement as it once was, and its ... ...connotation of wasteful and archaic, whether it is used to denote the dead languages or the obsolete or obsolescent forms of thought and diction in th...

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...lly deep-rooted habit. Nothing is automatic with him. He crams and forgets languages with an equal ease, gives up smoking after fifteen years of const... ...rious inquirer seek an account of the Tasmanian, or the Australian, or the Polynesian before “sophistication” came. The very existence and nature of m... ...dely dif- fused idea that a child is particularly apt to master and retain languages, and people try and inoculate with French and German as Lord Herb... ...tongue, to pick it up cheaply by making the nurse an infor- mal teacher of languages, entirely ignores a fact upon which I would lay the utmost stress... .... Experience shows that a child can keep separate in its mind two or three languages—at first the speech-sounds, later the expression. Modes of expres... ...ecay when- ever growth is no longer in progress. That has been the fate of languages in the past because of the feebler organization, the slenderer, s...

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...metimes sullen expression, and very quick in learning anything, especially languages. This she showed in picking up some Portuguese and Span- ish, whe... ...onnexion of the different American tribes, who nevertheless speak distinct languages. This party could muster but little Spanish, and talked to each o... ...nd on one’s previously acquired ideas. My notions were drawn from Ellis’s “Polynesian Researches” — an admirable and most interesting work, but natura... ...me result. Nor is it the white man alone that thus acts the destroyer; the Polynesian of Malay extrac- tion has in parts of the East Indian archipelag...