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... Iberian and Balkan Peninsula Nizamettin Parlak 293 Türk İslam Kültürünün ve Sanatının Polonya Kültürüne ve Sanatına Etkisi The Impact of Turkish Islamic Culture and Art on the Culture and Art of Poland Öztürk Emiroğlu 321 Erken Dönem Macarlar Arasında İslam Islam among Early Era Hungarıans Osman Karatay 369 Balkanların İslamlaşmasında Osmanlı Devleti’nin Siyasi v...

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...Ripe with literary and current-culture allusions, this book combines elements of world history, science fiction, political science, and satire. It's at once a brutally-serious and bitingly-humorous novel that, as one early reviewer noted: "Demands a lot fr...

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...t as if she had been waiting her whole life for this moment to arrive. The Islamic Historical Arts Museum—or TIHAM as Therese, her co-workers and the ... ... institution accommodated one of the largest and most singular treasury of Islamic history and culture around—costumes and traditional Saudi Arabian g... ...dated one of the largest and most singular treasury of Islamic history and culture around—costumes and traditional Saudi Arabian garb on display, alon... ...ion about the Blacas ewer. She'd finally stumbled across a reference at an Islamic art site. It probably would have been ten times easier and quicker ... ..., stuffing a fist in her mouth as she stepped away again. She'd read it in Islamic as if she were fluent in the language, and she damn sure wasn't. Th... ...in, but her vocal chords had shut down. And a minute ago you were spouting Islamic gibberish. What the hell is going on here? The Blacas pushed closer... ...t his experiences in Kuwait and her interests in Muslim belief and Islamic culture. Jury had shared his hopes and dreams—for him, for his single, work... ...n school, at work, months and years living and breathing Islam and Arabian culture. Being so near this genie-man turned her memory to mush. "I am sorr... ...eminded herself. Cuz after that crash course in Twentieth Century, Western culture she'd given him last night/this morning, he should have still been ...

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...licts. Hence, there is deepening insecurity in both rich and poor countries. Islamic fundamentalism is spreading throughout the Muslim world, neo-N... ...in communication networks of enterprises and communities. In civil society, a culture of alternative living and re- sponsible values will lend suppor... ...- ern world over the last 300 years is not the norm, but the exception. Other cultures do not share this view. Even the West did not adhere to it pr... ...- tion (or rather, misapplication) of Newton’s philosophy of nature. In other cultures, as well as in the Western world pre- ceding modern times, the... ...e prevailing consciousness was one of belonging, of oneness. Most traditional cultures do not agree that people have nothing in common but passing ... ...lanetary civilization. However, this civilization should not be a monolithic culture where everyone follows the same ideas, and one person or natio...

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... "Love," said the cartoon of the mosquito, "makes up the vernacular of pop culture. It is innate as a quest. It lances life's old festers granting a... ...he did not understand. What did she know beyond the kinetic rhythms of pop culture? It was in her blank stare. The word had not penetrated. He want... ...tity of these self-professed "Chosen people," and for having the dominant culture of individual freedoms that went contrary to their Islamic tyranny.... ...g the dominant culture of individual freedoms that went contrary to their Islamic tyranny. The couple looked out into nothingness with similar thoug... ...amburger buns on a barbeque, and microwaving meatless tofu hamburgers in a culture that was all his own. As the two women chatted on the balcony Porn... .... "Why did this happen?" blurted out Jatupon from nowhere. "If it is Islamic terrorists how could they hate that badly? Is it envy of a wealthi... ...asoning they use to justify their actions. Do you know anything about the Islamic world and why it dislikes the west, Jatupon?" The choice of his wo... ... programming of a woman. This feeling of love, this motif of women and pop culture, vexed her. It was annulling her marital contract that had been en...

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...This work is about a Korean American teaching in his homeland, feeling lost in Korean culture and that his own life is an outlier to this conservative society. As he lives there, making his living as an English teacher, he writes of Gabriele, a single parent in Ithaca New York who manifests a more open and le...

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...reans or did they yearn for bigger and better things seduced by the American culture that came to them through the cinema and the music and through hi... ...sion toward the rock-a-by song by telling herself that it was the collective culture in the earliest of all primitive American, if not western minds, ... ... reasons for the specific elements of a myth (the cryptic reason why a given culture might have chosen a serpent god or the son of god over the sun go... ...asting within the brevity of a human's lifespan); and historians of recorded cultures thread together implication, meaning, and motive from a few tang... ...ved that in a world of nonsense spoken by barbarians little outside of human culture had a positive worth except for friendship, and if he needed to l... ...tological meaning; the West was on a collision path with the environment and Islamic extremists; more and more societies possessed weapons of mass des...

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...selected from the website of Grand Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi. (www.makarem.ir) It is hoped that, this book would be use to researchers, teachers and Islamic scholars and be regarded a small step towards approximation of Islamic sects ...

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...nd Terminology…...……11 Shi`ah in Quran and Tradition…………….. 14 Shia and Resorting to the tradition of “The twelve caliphs”……………….…………. 17 Shia of Islamic community, in comparison with the Jews……………………………………… 21 Quran and appointment of Imam……….. 26 Doubts Over Imamat Doubt of being in the charge of Imamate By child................................................

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...reaks the chains of ignorance that held most of mankind in bondage for millennia. -- 14. Printers as Agents of Change-After the fall of Rome, Western culture focuses for centuries on guarding rather than expanding accumulated knowledge, but the shift from script to print amplifies, reinforces, and disseminates the power of knowledge. -- 15. Capitalists‘ Link to Ink-Printer...

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...ia. 14. Printers as Agents of Change After the fall of Rome, Western culture focuses for centuries on guarding rather than expanding accumulate... ... just to learn to read, write, and do simple arithmetic. Pictographic culture‘s rigorous nature, moreover, left priests and scribes with little ... ... for the four centuries before 1500 BC. Bringing together those different cultures must have made it obvious that they needed an easier way to commu... ... The Chinese language‘s continuity and flexibility has sustained China‘s culture down through the ages—perhaps most significantly by helping to uni... ...ng the first paper mill outside of China‘s control. From Samarkand, the Islamic paper trail crept slowly westward. Muslim freebooters conquered Cr... ...Cairo was making paper by the tenth century; then it was on to Tunisia and Islamic Spain by the eleventh. Papermaking reached Italy by way of Sici... ...pe didn‘t take up paper until the fourteenth century. Both Hebrew and Islamic scripture had been written on parchment, and both religions hesita... ...alled it an infidel technology and slowed the flow of paper into Europe. Islamic Golden Age takes root Under Koran‘s teachings, however, Muslim s... ... far easier them to carry out that mandate. Under Abbasid caliphs, the Islamic Golden Age took root in the ninth century, and—until the Mongols s...

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...da Tasavvuf ve Tarikatlar Mysticism and Religious Orders in the Balkans Reşat Öngören 27 Balkanlarda İslâmî İlimler ve Orada Yetişen Ünlü Âlimler Islamic Sciences in the Balkans and Renown Scholars Who were Trained there Ahmet Yıldırım 81 Balkanlarda İslam Hukukunun Tarihi (Bosna-Hersek Örneği) History of Islamic Law in the Balkans (Bosnia-Herzegovina Example) Abdu...

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...min Bakış Açısı Ali Payaziti 27 Representations of contemporary Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, Islam, and gender through the phenomenon of modern pop culture the case of Turkish soap operas in the Western Balkans Çağdaş Pop Kültürü Aracılığı ile Çağdaş Türkiye, Osmanlı Devleti, İslam ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet ile İlgili Temsiller Batı Balkanlarda Türk Dizi Filmleri Ana Fra...

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...l Program" demanded a recognition of a Macedonian nation with its own language and culture. They stopped short of insisting on an independent state... ...nded mind games Macedonia was subjected to by the Big Powers. Misirkov believed in culture as an identity preserving force. And the purveyors and c... ...ved in culture as an identity preserving force. And the purveyors and conveyors of culture were the teachers. "So the teacher in Yugoslavia is oft... ...Some wished to be incorporated in Bulgaria, the civilized and advanced society and culture. Others wanted an independent state - though they, too, ... ...lements) because it constitutes "Narcissistic Supply". Bin Laden (and by extension Islamic fundamentalism) is the narcissistic complement of the St... ...urope has undergone two paradigmatic shifts. First, from Christian independence to Islamic subjugation (a gradual process which consumed two centur... ... and interest in the Balkan. The Orthodox church was acquainted with the tenets of Islamic faith but did not bother to codify its knowledge or reco... ...s is not a clash of civilizations. Western culture is inextricably intertwined with Islamic knowledge, teachings, and philosophy. Christian fundamen... ...r French intellectuals. Muslims have always been the West's most defining Other. Islamic existence and "gaze" helped to mold the West's emerging ...

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..., up bringing, wealth, and social responsibilities. A succession of societies and cultures discriminated against the ignorant, criminals, atheists... ...with its proponents in the exact sciences as well - ran deeper than that. The very culture of commerce was thoroughly permeated and transformed. It... ...ogical narcissism is not an isolated phenomenon. It is embedded in our contemporary culture. The West's is a narcissistic civilization. It upholds ... ...issism is often blurred by educators and parents. Both Christopher Lasch in "The Culture of Narcissism" and Theodore Millon in his books about pe... ...its. Social thinkers like the aforementioned Lasch speculated that modern American culture - a self-centred one - increases the rate of incidence o... ...inapplicable. Hammurabi's Laws are inapplicable not because they are anachronistic. Islamic law is as anachronistic as Hammurabi's code - yet it IS ...

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...ia. 14. Printers as Agents of Change After the fall of Rome, Western culture focuses for centuries on guarding rather than expanding accumulate... ...ng just to learn to read, write, and do simple arithmetic. Pictographic culture‘s rigorous nature, moreover, left priests and scribes with little ... ... for the four centuries before 1500 BC. Bringing together those different cultures must have made it obvious that they needed an easier way to commu... ... The Chinese language‘s continuity and flexibility has sustained China‘s culture down through the ages—perhaps most significantly by helping to uni... ...ing the first paper mill outside of China‘s control. From Samarkand, the Islamic paper trail crept slowly westward. Muslim freebooters conquered Cr... ...Cairo was making paper by the tenth century; then it was on to Tunisia and Islamic Spain by the eleventh. Papermaking reached Italy by way of Sicily... ...ope didn‘t take up paper until the fourteenth century. Both Hebrew and Islamic scripture had been written on parchment, and both religions hesita... ...alled it an infidel technology and slowed the flow of paper into Europe. Islamic Golden Age takes root Under Koran‘s teachings, however, Muslim sch... ...it far easier them to carry out that mandate. Under Abbasid caliphs, the Islamic Golden Age took root in the ninth century, and—until the Mongols s...

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...services whose importance is only enhanced by the "free for all" Internet culture. Content intermediaries grade content and separate the qualitat... ...ers, movers and shapers. These two neglected aspects of Internet hype and culture led to the trouncing of erstwhile promising web media companies wh... ...a - and languished where religion reigned (such as in Sumeria, Egypt, the Islamic world, and Medieval Europe). With e-books, content will once more... ...ny and in Subiaco, Italy) shunned it and regarded it as a major threat to culture and civilization. Their attacks on printing read like the litanies... ...ny other factors which determine the interaction of free and paid content. Culture plays an important role as do the law and technology. But as long ... ...sist that others don't. Q. Technology is often considered the antonym of "culture". TV, for instance, is berated for its vulgar, low-brow, programmi... ...le. Hammurabi's Laws are inapplicable not because they are anachronistic. Islamic law is as anachronistic as Hammurabi's code - yet it IS applicable...

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...ully. II. Issues in the Calculus of Rights IIA. The Hierarchy of Rights All human cultures have hierarchies of rights. These hierarchies reflect c... ...es, not primary ones. There have been periods in human history and there have been cultures devoid of either or both. The primary asymmetry seems t... ...with its proponents in the exact sciences as well - ran deeper than that. The very culture of commerce was thoroughly permeated and transformed. It... ...dependent. In some cases, pain is perceived as positive and is sought. In the Aztec cultures, being chosen to be sacrificed to the Gods was a high h... ...cahoots with the Israeli government - serve as administrative backup, same as some Islamic charities do for militant Islam. The Jews' ability and r... ...s is not a clash of civilizations. Western culture is inextricably intertwined with Islamic knowledge, teachings, and philosophy. Christian fundamen... ...or French intellectuals. Muslims have always been the West's most defining Other. Islamic existence and "gaze" helped to mold the West's emerging ... ... itself the crown of creation, the source of all values (contra to Judeo- Christian-Islamic values), subjugator and master of nature (with the aid o... ...inapplicable. Hammurabi's Laws are inapplicable not because they are anachronistic. Islamic law is as anachronistic as Hammurabi's code - yet it IS ...

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...ully. II. Issues in the Calculus of Rights IIA. The Hierarchy of Rights All human cultures have hierarchies of rights. These hierarchies reflect c... ...es, not primary ones. There have been periods in human history and there have been cultures devoid of either or both. The primary asymmetry seems t... ...with its proponents in the exact sciences as well - ran deeper than that. The very culture of commerce was thoroughly permeated and transformed. It... ...dependent. In some cases, pain is perceived as positive and is sought. In the Aztec cultures, being chosen to be sacrificed to the Gods was a high h... ...cahoots with the Israeli government - serve as administrative backup, same as some Islamic charities do for militant Islam. The Jews' ability and r... ...s is not a clash of civilizations. Western culture is inextricably intertwined with Islamic knowledge, teachings, and philosophy. Christian fundamen... ...or French intellectuals. Muslims have always been the West's most defining Other. Islamic existence and "gaze" helped to mold the West's emerging ... ... itself the crown of creation, the source of all values (contra to Judeo- Christian-Islamic values), subjugator and master of nature (with the aid o... ...inapplicable. Hammurabi's Laws are inapplicable not because they are anachronistic. Islamic law is as anachronistic as Hammurabi's code - yet it IS ...

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...the United States, is often perceived as trying to impose its narcissistic pseudo-culture upon a world exhausted by wars hot and cold and corrupte... ...of brain with brawn (i.e., money or bombs), its legalistic-litigious character, its culture of instant gratification and one-dimensional over-simpl... ... foes, often one and the same. The global spread of American influence through its culture, political alliances, science and multinationals is mere... ... our will. Soft power works through attraction ... Our attractiveness rests on our culture, our political values and our policies by taking into ac... ...s is not a clash of civilizations. Western culture is inextricably intertwined with Islamic knowledge, teachings, and philosophy. Christian fundamen... ...r French intellectuals. Muslims have always been the West's most defining Other. Islamic existence and "gaze" helped to mold the West's emerging ... ... (Turkmen) tribal leader, the off spring of a noble Kayi family. They were ghazis (Islamic Turkish warriors). Fleeing from the Mongols of Genghis ... ... to the Balkan. Osman offered to these desperados war booty, a purposeful life, and Islamic religious fanaticism. They joined his armies in droves. ... ...gainst its tormentors. Byzantium, high handed and conceited, was left to fight the Islamic terrorism on its borders all by itself. Mercenaries impo...

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...h India gave birth to two new states; a secular state named India and an Islamic state named Pakistan. Paki- stan comprised two geographi- cally an... ...d Maulvi Ab- dul Haq. The language was considered a vital element of the Islamic culture for Indian Muslims; Hindi and the Deva- nagari script were... ... Ab- dul Haq. The language was considered a vital element of the Islamic culture for Indian Muslims; Hindi and the Deva- nagari script were seen as... ...ms; Hindi and the Deva- nagari script were seen as fun- damentals of Hindu culture. The majority groups in West Pakistan spoke Punjabi, while the B...

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...t Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, UN, UN... ...Arab League, ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Le... ...onal monarchy; independent since 1971 Capital: Manama Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common law; constitution went into effect in Dece... ...ble Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDE Islamic Development Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, ... ...an presidential system, and changed by proclamation in April 1977 to reflect Islamic character of nation; further change, by proclamation in December ... ...force: 1.66 million (1980); 732,806 (1980) in salaried employment; 54% agri- culture, 25% government, 9% industry and commerce, 8% services Government... ...men 59.5, women 65.1 Literacy: 82% Labor force: 26 million (1984); 73% agri- culture, 11% industry and commerce, 10% services, 6% government; 8% unemp... ...n 53.3, women 56.8 Literacy: 45-55% Labor force: 1,985,000 (1985); 78% agri- culture; 18% mining, manufacturing, construction; 4% transport and servic...

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...iences, our variables are nearly infinite. But not as infinite as the possibilities expressed by the many religions of the world. ―Our cultur... ... a common purpose and dynamic leadership, they stop growing when the individual selfishness of greed pulls down the necessary bulwarks of the cultur... ...anguage for frivolity rather than for philosophy. But guys, let‘s get serious again. Our mental environment is undoubtedly important. What our cultur... ...faction in individual love cannot be attained without the capacity to love one's neighbor, without true humility, faith, and discipline. In a cultur... ...gh their attitudes are conventional, they relate to ends rather than means. While they tend toward the conventional and exist well within the cultur... ... 43 a bomb for a turban. Most people in the West, Muslims included, had abhorred what they saw as senseless killings of innocent people by Islami... ...itiate sharia law for the country—at least for the British Muslims. ―Shi‘ites and Sunnis split early in Islami... ...ul or forgiving behaviors that the Bible and Koran demand?‖ —―Ray, you know that the Catholics have used the same rationalizations as the Islami...

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... more human and humane answer to life‘s challenges? ―Certainly Islamic and Christian evangelism are on the rise because the freedom that ... ...lty. Yes Commander.‖ ---―As we move from religion to religion and culture to culture throughout history, monotheists and polytheists think a... ...been made in the Jewish tradition, particularly by Maimonides, and in the Islamic tradition by the Kalam scholars. All of these followed Aristotle‘s... ... panentheistic. Yet the Cherokees were monotheistic. The Central American cultures of the Aztecs and Mayans seemed to be polytheistic. Obviously if ... ...r them. We find that evidence in the scriptures of the Indian and Persian cultures. A Jew, a Christian or a Muslim would immediately dismiss their r... ...ious country is a more moral country. The idea that materialism leads to ―cultures of death‖ is the official opinion of your church, father. Pope Jo... ...lity and sexuality. Most Satanists are not involved with the Christian or Islamic fallen angel idea of Lucifer. The ideas of hell and damnation are ... ... Judeo- Christian scriptures as the law. Or the laws of Shari‘a give us an Islamic plan for a just society. But the older democracies are based on se... ...iples and the separation of church and state. However both fundamentalist Islamic states and evangelical Christians in America want what they believ...

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...u chief claimed one to two million in his wars. About 3 million died in the Islamic slave trade and almost as many in the slave trade in the western ... ...regimes that he thought were antagonistic to his beliefs. Bush attacked an Islamic country, ostensibly to rid them of a sadistic dictator and to spr... ...econd coming of the 12 th imam. He clearly hoped to establish a more rigid Islamic regime. Along this line he fired a number of experienced diplomat... ... of its population. They could bring in foreign workers but the traditional culture of Japan has not been particularly open to people from other cult... ...ursuit for financial success or self fulfillment. “When I hear of Islamic radicals, like the Taliban, burning down schools in Afghanistan ... ...he more secular states want their grandchildren to be ruled by Christian or Islamic regimes, such as in the Middle Ages, they must give some thought...

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... decree, entrepreneurs and religious figures in Egypt and in Pakistan established "Islamic banks". These institutions pay no interest on deposits, ... ... fictitious - profits. Clients are charged for - no less fictitious - losses. A few Islamic banks were in the habit of offering vertiginously high "... ...with its proponents in the exact sciences as well - ran deeper than that. The very culture of commerce was thoroughly permeated and transformed. It... ...e, up bringing, wealth, and social responsibilities. A succession of societies and cultures discriminated against the ignorant, criminals, atheists... ... Prague and Skopje, 2000 Winner of numerous awards, among them Israel's Council of Culture and Art Prize for Maiden Prose (1997), The Rotary Club A...

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...wing population growth. Same sex relationships have been a part of Western culture since at least the days of the Greeks and Romans. The Jewish, Chri... ...we don‘t have the economic impetus pushing some of us upward. Our farming culture has not fostered education as the middle and upper classes in Indi... ...n as the middle and upper classes in India have done. But like India, our culture is very traditional. It is family and religion centered. While Ind... ...sions and diversions fit into the whole. It seems that your Christian and Islamic faiths have had a strong emphasis on increasing their numbers thro... ... professing Islam is her major goal in life perhaps she should move to an Islamic country like Morocco or Bangladesh. ―Another tradition in so... ...ment of the human personality. In addition we have the right to enjoy the culture and the scientific achievements of society.(22) ―With all...

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...arge developing economies is another indicator of this trend. Furthermore, Islamic finance is fast emerging in the Asia and the Gulf region. The reviv... ... time, it is also important that issues pertaining regulatory capture and “culture capture” 1 are addressed otherwise regulators and supervisors may ...

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... was never considered a possession of her father, son or husband in the Tamil culture. She was free to choose her husband unlike in the Manuvadi cul... ...Aryan religion banned education to Sudras. R 2 : Superstition In every culture, superstition was a negative force that eclipsed the scientifi... ... Manu Dharma, which are the basis of Jati, are not in any way related to our culture. They do not even exist in our language. Our people have not w... ...ey need to leave the Hindu religion and go to another religion, that too the Islamic religion: this situation has been created. Keeping aside the c... ...aying this—as some enemies and poisonous people allege—because Islam and the Islamic God will easily forgive the sins and make heaven nearer as com... ... and not according to the wishes of a mullah. I know the rules followed by 10 Islamic nations, the rules only cater to the majority. It is not like ... ...16-1-1950] Aryan domination The Aryans became successful by imposing their culture on us. By destroying our culture they began to rule us. Becaus... ...n us. By destroying our culture they began to rule us. Because we forgot our culture and accepted the Aryan culture now we have been made into low ...

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...re we speak of killing." Soule' relaxed. He had forgotten how different each culture was. "You're right, my apologies." "Let me tell you a story,... ... This will only serve to increase your reputation to a status of a god in the Islamic world." Gonzales said, smiling at Soule’. "You want these a... ...ve arranged for a tourist charter to Los Angeles, courtesy of the Ministry of Culture. From there you can make your own arrangements. When your men ...

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...metal supply, the great metal industries, much engineering, and most agri- culture, will be more or less completely under collective own- ership, and ... ...he community not in countries but cantons, each with its own religion, its culture and self- government, and all at peace under a polyglot and imparti... ... will speak the closely related Italian. I do not see why this Latin black culture should not extend across equatorial Africa to meet the Indian influ... ... and Italian languages through Egypt. I guess, however, that it will be an Islamic and not a Christian cult that will be talking Italian and French. F... ...rench and the British have the strongest interest in the revival of Arabic culture. Let the German learn T urkish if it pleases him. Through all Afric... ...parison with our debt to the Hebrew and Greek. It is to the initiatives of Islamic culture, for example, that we owe our numerals, the bulk of modern ... ...with our debt to the Hebrew and Greek. It is to the initiatives of Islamic culture, for example, that we owe our numerals, the bulk of modern mathemat... ...mistry . The British have already set them- selves to the establishment of Islamic university teaching in Egypt, but that is the mere first stroke of ...

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...s in the glories that were sacred to Juno, was utterly consumed. The early Islamic conception of God, like the conception of most honest, simple Chris... ... of science and religion—it would be better to say, the conflict of modern culture and ancient traditions—has robbed life of its plain significance. T... ...this point fail to appreciate the modern outlook on life. Certainly modern culture—science, history, philosophy, and art—finds no purpose in life: tha...

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...ucts of modernity, like computers and the internet, while railing against its cultural manifestations. But the fact is that modernity imposes its own culture. More and more young Iranians are working independently of their families. More and more Iranians are marrying late. More and more young Iranians are having premarital sex. Kelly Golnoush Niknejad had, a couple of ...

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...land Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin?s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988?1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992?1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda?s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996?1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM E...

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...TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 ... ... London to publish what they termed a fatwa issued in the name of a “World Islamic Front.”A fatwa is normally an inter- pretation of Islamic law by a ... ...ont.”A fatwa is normally an inter- pretation of Islamic law by a respected Islamic authority , but neither Bin Ladin, Zawahiri, nor the three others w... ... Zawahiri, nor the three others who signed this statement were scholars of Islamic law. Claiming that America had declared war against God and his mes... ...itary or civilian.As far as we are concerned, they are all targets.” Note: Islamic names often do not follow the Western practice of the consistent us... ... of followers and some degree of approval from millions more? The history, culture, and body of beliefs from which Bin Ladin has shaped and spread his... ...onvert to Islam, and end the immorality and godlessness of its society and culture:“It is saddening to tell you that you are the worst civ- ilization ... ...ls led most independence movements, and clerical influence and traditional culture were seen as obstacles to national progress. After gaining independ... ...d little if any attention to the rest of the world’s thought, history, and culture.The secular education reflected a strong cultural preference for te...

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...olved issues cannot be overemphasized. Possibly in a new non-fiction genre, this thought-provoking work delves into this least explored aspect of the Islamic ethos. Besides dissecting the anatomy of Islam, steeped in the Quran it depicts the psyche of the Musalmans, shaped by the proclivities of their prophet, vicissitudes of his life and the attitudes of his detracto...

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...h. It was thus, he was known to avoid material comforts, save his fondness for perfumes, apart from women. And that his faithful didn’t mind as their culture acquiesced in both. Traditionally, there appears to be an inbuilt advantage for its prophets in the Semitic faith in that while it granted them to indulge as humans, it ordained the believers to revere them as divine ...

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...author frequently references current issues that were being debated, such as whether to modernize and accept Western technology, or to reject Western culture and rely on technology developed in Persia and the Islamic world. (Summary adapted from Wikipedia)...

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...xperi- ence. I loved it there. While living there, I learned much about my culture and reli- gion. This environment was right or me, and it’s a good p... ...n Writing 15 Klebold and Harris, most people, who have heard all about the culture of cruelty, the bullying jocks, has concluded the two ugly, angry b... ...iefs parallels Manson’s hatred for the Af- rican-American people and their culture. Manson clearly despised the black commu- nity, believing that whit... ...attacks on America, Bin Laden has shown his hatred for Americans and their culture through countless television briefings and letters directing his fo... ...owers to destroy Americans. His views have apparently been imbedded in the culture of the Afghanistan public and innumerable Muslims willing to listen... ...wake of the September 11 attacks. However, that’s also the feeling of many Islamic radicals in the wake of the United States’ bombing of the al-Shifa ... ...or any logical per- son to believe that the enemy of the aver- age, Arabic Islamic person is the United States. The reason for extreme poverty in the ...