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I na Mamo o ka Ili i eha ai i ka Ihe a na Makua i makee ai i ka Laumeki, a i ka pua hoi no lakou ka hikimua o ke Ahonui a me Makahehi e hoomau ia ka holo-mua, ka maluhia a me ke Kuokoa o Hawaii nei:—...

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Alana Ia No Wilikoki. "kuahiwi nani o haleakala ka home o ka malamalama noeau, No laila ka ukiu,he ua nohenohea Ke iho mai le e hoonani ia piiholo. Heleuluulu ke ao Naulu e paio ana Me ka makani kipi o ka Akau, Ola na iwi o Kupuna ia oe He ewe, he io, he koko no Hawaii. He lei kou e pawehi ai E ohu ai ka oiwi maloeloe, O ke aloha hiipoi a ka Lahui O ke ala ia me ke onaona. Makee au ia oe e Wilikoki He Iholena oe, he Makahulu, No ke kiowai oe o ka Maemae O ko?u makee ia, e ola oe !Ola oe, ola kaua. ola kakou O ka I, o ka Mahi, ao ka Palena, E mau ke Ea o ka Aina i ka Pono E Uli e! E ola o Hawaii!!"...

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It is critical that the United States act now to put in place a program to produce a reliable replacement warhead. Colonel Vaughan addresses some critical points in the attached thesis on the Reliable Replacement Warhead and the recapitalization of the nuclear weapons complex....

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1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 An Aging Stockpile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Points of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Preview of Remaining Chapters . . . . . . . . . . 8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 2 THE CASE FOR MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Stockpile is Safe and Reliable . . . . . . . 12 A Limited Role for Nuclear Weapons . . . . . .13 Nuclear Posture Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Responsive Infrastructure and Replacement Warheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 3 THE CASE FOR BEGINNING RECAPITALIZATION NOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Future Role for Nuclear Weapons . . . . . . . . 26 Nuclear Weapons Needed for the Foreseeable Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Stockpile Stewardship Program Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

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In his book The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II, Charles Griffith makes a major contribution in detailing the role played by General Hansell from his early days as an instructor at the Air Corps Tactical School to the heady days and nights as a young war planner developing the air war plan used by the United States during World War II to his triumphs and disappointments as a commander in the field. While the book tells this story well, it does more than just relate the life and times of Possum Hansell. The book goes a long way toward explaining the origins of many of the arguments about the utility of airpower in the closing decade of the twentieth century....

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1 THE PROBLEMS OF AIRPOWER . . . . . . . . . 1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2 THE EARLY YEARS: EDUCATION AND ACTS .23 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3 PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4 THE FRICTIONS OF WAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5 THE GLOBAL BOMBER FORCE . . . . . . . . .129 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 6 TRIUMPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7 TRAGEDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223...

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This paper reviews four case studies that demonstrate the variety of ways women have participated in modern armed conflict and explores whether current US laws and policies excluding women from combat remain valid or need to be amended. Each case study examines three principal facets of female participation in combat: context, motivations and inspirations, and the actual contributions made by these women in combat operations....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 THE FEMALE FIGHTERS OF WORLD WAR II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 3 THE SOVIET FEMALE FLIERS OF WORLD WAR II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4 SHAHIDA IN A BRAVE NEW WORLD . . . . . .39 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5 AMERICAN WOMEN AT WAR . . . . . . . . . . .53 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 6 THE WAY BACKWARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 7 THE WAY FORWARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 8 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115...

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It was inevitable that the airman’s perspective regarding the employment of airpower in an operational theater would surface in North Africa, the first major American offensive of World War II. The North Africa experience provided a model for the organization and employment of tactical airpower in subsequent campaigns in Europe, Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War. In each of these campaigns, planners have continued to refine, expand, and improve the effectiveness of tactical air support for all forces in a theater. Differences in opinion on the employment of forces will continue among air, ground, and sea commanders in combat situations. However, when the overall commander in the theater makes a decision on the strategy and priority of operations, the air component commander must and will apply his forces in accordance with that decision....

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GETTING TOGETHER...................................1 Vincent Orange A GLIDER IN THE PROPWASH OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE?..........................................30 David R. Mets THE LEGEND OF LAURENCE KUTER............64 Daniel R. Mortensen PATTON AND WEYLAND...........................100 David Spires APPENDIX...............................................108 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................124...

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This study first provides a general discussion of peacekeeping and constructs a comprehensive framework to categorize and analyze the role of air power in peacekeeping. Next, several recommendations are presented concerning command and control, doctrine, and organizational issues. In the end, this study concludes that the role of air power in peacekeeping is primarily auxiliary. Nevertheless, among the potential US contributions to UN peacekeeping, air power may be the best medium as it offers capabilities different from those currently available to UN forces. Moreover, the use of airpower, as opposed to ground peacekeeping forces, will reduce the risk to American lives. Finally, the expanded use of air power in UN peacekeeping presents an opportunity to demonstrate US leadership and resolve while avoiding the perception of dominating the show. ...

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . 1 Notes . . . . 2 2 DISCUSSION OF PEACEKEEPING . . . . 5 Peacekeeping Defined . . . . . . . 6 The Use of Force for Self-defense . . . . . 6 The Principles of Consent and Impartiality . . . . 7 Principle of Effective Military Support . . . . . . 8 Additional Principles . . . . 8 Peacekeeping and International Conflict Control . . . . . 8 Peacekeeping in the 21st Century . . . . . 10 Notes . . . . 12 3 AIR POWER AND PEACEKEEPING . . . . 15 Operational Analysis . . . . 17 Command and Control . . . . . . . 17 Communications . . . . . . 19 Intelligence . . . . . 21 Mobility . . . . . . . 24 Force Protection . . . . . . 26 Putting It Together—Military Effectiveness . . . . . . . 27 Notes . . . . 28 4 RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . 31 Notes . . . . 34 5 CONCLUSION . . . . 37 Notes . . . . 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . 39...

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Dr. David R. Mets’s The Long Search for a Surgical Strike: Precision Munitions and the Revolution in Military Affairs is a broad, thought-provoking examination of the relationship between the advancement in conventional weapons guidance technology and the “revolution in military affairs” (RMA). He defines an RMA as a rapid change in military technology, doctrine, and organization leading to a sweeping new way that wars are fought. Dr. Mets then considers whether the improvement in conventional air weapons accuracy since World War II is the foundation, the main pillar, one of the principal supports, or is irrelevant to the RMA—which is said to be afoot....

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INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 WHAT IS A REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS (RMA)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 WHAT WERE THE NOTIONS OF THE FIRST AIRPOWER ADVOCATES OF RMA? . . . . . . . .4 HOW DID RMA WORK OUT IN WARS FROM 1939 TO 1972?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 KOREA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 VIETNAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 CHANGE AFTER VIETNAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 YOM KIPPUR WAR, 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 WAR AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1990s: HAS THE LAST SANCTUARY BEEN CLOSED? . . . . .34 THE REMAINING HUMANITARIAN SANCTUARY AND DOCTRINAL IMPLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . 47 ORGANIZATIONAL IMPLICATIONS . . . . . . . .48 NOTES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67...

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The ground and air forces have strong interlocking connections in the battlefield operations known as close air support (CAS). In the 1970s the Army and Air Force began to develop a shared battlefield doctrine known as battlefield air interdiction(BAI) that was concerned with a class of targets that lay out a fair distance from the front lines. Later, on the battlefields of Desert Storm, the Air Force excluded BAI from its tasking orders, although some claimed interdiction missions of this nature were carried out under different names. Lt Col Terrance J. McCaffrey III looks into What Happened to BAI? Army and Air Force Battlefield Doctrine Development from Pre–Desert Storm to 2001. He traces airground doctrine and operational practices relative to battlefield interdiction from World War I to Operation Desert Storm and suggests at one point that even the flank support for Patton was, in effect, BAI. The author carries the discussion through the decade after Desert Storm and shows how the issue is too important to be dropped by either service, even as technology provides new weapons for both services....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2 ORIGINS OF BATTLEFIELD AIR INTERDICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 3 WHERE WAS BATTLEFIELD AIR INTERDICTION IN DESERT STORM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4 WAS BATTLEFIELD AIR INTERDICTION A VICTIM OF SUCCESS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 5 IS BATTLEFIELD AIR INTERDICTION BACK? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 6 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS . . . . . 97 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115...

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This study examines one aspect of weather modification, benign weather modification (BWM), for possible use in assisting military operations. After briefly reviewing the history and science of weather modification, this thesis bounds the aspects of weather modification being addressed. It then describes barriers to BWM,showing how they affect current weather modification policy in the military. Examples are shown of current civilian BWM techniques, their possible use by the military, and some military-unique needs for weather modification....

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INTRODUCTION . . . . . .1 AN OVERVIEW OF WEATHER MODIFICATION . . . . . . 7 BARRIERS TO WEATHER MODIFICATION. . . . . 13 MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION . .21 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . .29 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . .33...

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In GPS and Galileo: Friendly Foes?, Lt Col Roftiel Constantine, United States Air Force (USAF), analyzes the heated competition to provide service from high in the skies of medium earth orbit. The European Union (EU) is developing Galileo, its own global positioning and navigation satellite system, scheduled to be operational by 2010. The EU states that Galileo will provide greater precision to all users than is currently available from the United States’ (US) global positioning system (GPS) through improved coverage of satellite signals at higher latitudes, and, unlike GPS, Galileo will be guaranteed to be always available—even during war or political disagreement. Regarding the enormous importance of GPS to the United States and millions of users worldwide, the prospect of a second, competing, and potentially interfering global satellite navigation system could have serious military, foreign policy, and industrial implications. The US government would benefit from the heightened awareness of the risks and opportunities Colonel Constantine presents for the United States surrounding the Galileo program....

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1 INTRODUCTION TO THE GPS AND GALILEO PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 HISTORY OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION . . . . . 3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3 GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4 GEOPOLITICAL PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . . . .35 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5 FIVE STEPS THE US GOVERNMENT SHOULD UNDERTAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55...

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The analysis presented in this thesis evaluates the contents of past Air Force strategic vision documents and studies the process used to create such documents. The thesis argument is that strategic vision documents can fulfill important functions for an organization, and that greater attention to the process of creating these documents can result in a more effective final product....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . 1 Historical Perspective . . . . . . 2 Overview . . . . 3 Notes . . . . . . 4 2 STRATEGIC VISION PRINCIPLES . . . . . . 5 Vision, Defined and Explained . . . . . 5 Attributes of Vision . . . . . 6 Functions of Vision . . . . . 6 Importance of Vision for an Organization . . . . . 7 Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Vision . . . . . . 8 Notes . . . . . . 10 3 VISIONS FROM THE PAST . . . . 13 Air Power and the Future . . . . 13 The Air Force and US National Security: Global Reach—Global Power . . . . . 15 Global Reach—Global Power: The Evolving Air Force Contribution to National Security . . . . . 18 Notes . . . . . . 20 4 VISION: A PRESENT-DAY VIEW . . . . 23 An Interest in Updating Our “Guiding Construct” . . . . . . 23 Global Presence . . . . 23 Current Efforts for a New Strategic Vision . . . . 25 Notes . . . . . . 27 5 IMPROVING THE PROCESS . . . . . . 29 Phases in the Process for the Vision Architect . . . . . 29 Lesson Implications . . . . 38 Conclusion . . . . . . 38 Notes . . . . . . 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . 41...

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This study attempts to determine whether air component commands are capable of developing an effective airpower strategy. It examines US Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF) because of its recent experience in developing and executing a sizable airpower contribution to a theater campaign. The author sets the background by describing CENTAF’s role in the Persian Gulf War theater campaign strategy. The conclusion is that the commander in chief (CINC) of Central Command did not think that CENTAF had an acceptable holistic airpower strategy in August 1990 and therefore requested the assistance of the Air Staff at the Pentagon. Next, the author justifies and describes credible sources for determining the attributes of an effective operational-level airpower strategy. Using this information, he recommends a notional air component commander’s campaign planning organization and describes the individual branch’s responsibilities and products....

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1 USCENTAF’S ROLE IN CENTCOM’S PERSIAN GULF CAMPAIGN STRATEGY . . . . 1 Notes . . . . . 4 2 CREDIBLE SOURCES FOR DETERMINING THE ATTRIBUTES OF AN EFFECTIVE AIRPOWER STRATEGY . . . . 5 Notes . . . . . 10 3 RECOMMENDED RESPONSIBILITIES AND PRODUCTS OF AN AIR COMPONENT COMMANDER’S CAMPAIGN PLANNING ORGANIZATION . . . . 11 Notes . . . . . 18 4 REPORT ON USCENTAF PLANNING STAFF’S STATUS—EARLY 1995 . . . . . 19 Notes . . . . . 27 5 IMPLICATIONS/SOLUTIONS TO AIR COMPONENT COMMANDS’ COMBAT PLANNING SHORTFALLS . . . . 29 Notes . . . . . 31 6 CONCLUSION . . . . . 33 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . 35 ...

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This paper analyzes the participation of the US Twelfth Air Force in the Mediterranean theater of operation from 1943 to 1944 and also studies the coalition and joint operations required in the air campaign. Coalition and joint warfare provides numerous command, control, and coordination problems that are not easily de-conflicted. The goal of this paper is to highlight the lessons learned from the selected operations and their applicability to twenty-first-century warfare. The author will examine the development of tactics and operational procedures that were unique to this theater of war and the leadership challenges encountered in a coalition or joint command structure. This study will also examine the effectiveness of combined air operations with the RAF in support of the amphibious landings conducted by the US Fifth and British Eight Armies at Sicily, Salerno, and Anzio, Italy....

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1 Introduction . . . . 1 2 ALLIED AIR OPERATIONS IN NORTH AFRICA . . . . .5 3 OPERATION HUSKY AND THE INVASION OF SICILY . . . .17 4 OPERATION AVALANCHE AND THE INVASION OF ITALY . .33 5 OPERATION SHINGLE AND THE ASSAULT OF ANZIO . . . .47 6 Conclusion . . . . 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . 69...

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This study determines if a revival of the CRAF Enhancement Program is feasible and if it could be developed into a viable program for addressing AMC's airlift shortfall problem. To achieve this goal, the study analyzes the failure of the first CRAF Enhancement Program to determine if the barriers to its success were surmountable and if these same barriers might impede the success of a future program. The study determines that the first Enhancement Program failed because MAC was unable to develop an incentive plan that was attractive enough to ensure airline participation, yet be persuasive enough to elicit the required support and funding from Congress....

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1 INTRODUCTION.....1 2 THE NATIONAL AIRLIFT SYSTEM.......5 3 CRAF ENHANCEMENT: THEORY AND REALITY......21 4 THE FUTURE OF CRAF ENHANCEMENT...... 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY......65...

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An extended nuclear deterrent for protecting allies may also contribute significantly to nonproliferation efforts—the nuclear umbrella provides allies an assurance so they do not perceive the need to develop nuclear weapons arsenals for themselves. This study explores the impact of US nuclear weapon policy on the current and future effectiveness of extended nuclear deterrence for the Republic of Turkey. It concludes that the credibility of US extended nuclear deterrence for Turkey depends on many factors and not just the quality and quantity of the US nuclear arsenal....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . .1 Why Turkey? . . . . .2 The Argument: It’s All about Relationships and Leadership . . . .5 Research Questions and Methods . . . . .5 Outline . . . . .6 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations . . . . .6 2 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF AMERICAN NUCLEAR WEAPONS? . . . . .11 Political Uses for US Nuclear Weapons . . . .12 A Special Case of Deterrence: Extended Nuclear Deterrence . . . . .15 Linking Extended Nuclear Deterrence and Nonproliferation . . . . .19 Summary and Cautions . . . . .21 3 ASSESSING US EXTENDED NUCLEAR DETERRENCE FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY . . . . .27 Assessing Credibility Elements for US Extended Deterrence . . . .28 Assessing Nuclear Weapons Tipping Point: Warnings and Indicators . . . . .35 Few Warnings and Indicators of Real Intentions and Capabilities . . . .44 Summary and Conclusions . . . .45 4 IMPROVING US EXTENDED NUCLEAR DETERRENCE FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY . . . . .51 Addressing Credibility Elements . . . .51 Adding Weight: Preventing Tipping . . . .58 Summary and Conclusions . . . .61 5 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS . .65 Conclusions . . . . .65 Policy Impl...