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Technology Horizons is our vision for key Air Force science and technology investments over the next decade that will provide us with truly game-changing capabilities to meet our strategic and joint force responsibilities. The coming decades hold high promise for amazing new capabilities across the air, space, and cyber domains. Yet the Air Force and our nation will also be confronted with substantial strategic, technology, and budget challenges. Our greatest advances will come with a focused investment of resources in the most promising technologies. The vision in Technology Horizons provides the shared awareness of the challenges and opportunities that will enable us to achieve this focus....

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . vii FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE AND CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE AIR FORCE . . . . ix PREFACE BY THE CHIEF SCIENTIST OF THE AIR FORCE . . . . xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . xvii 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . 1 A Vision for Air Force Science and Technology 2010–30 . . . . 1 Lessons Learned from Prior Air Force Science and Technology Visions . . . . 5 Organization and Conduct of Technology Horizons . . . . . 8 Organization of Results from Technology Horizons . . . . . 14 Caveats . . . . 16 2 STRATEGIC CONTEXT FOR AIR FORCE S&T 2010–30 . . . . . 19 Relation to National Security Objectives . . . . . 21 Technology-Derived Challenges to Air Force Capabilities . . . . . 22 Strategic Implications of S&T Globalization . . . . 38 Federal Budget Implications for Air Force S&T Strategy . . . . . 41 3 ENDURING REALITIES FOR THE AIR FORCE 2010–30 . . . . . 43 Ensuring Interoperability with Legacy Systems . . . . 43 Sustainment Costs for Legacy Systems . . . . . 43 Importance of Low-Observable Systems . . . . 44 Energy Costs and Availability . . . . . 44 Growing Role ...

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This study investigates Europe’s motives to develop the independent satellite navigation system known as Galileo despite the existence of America’s successful global positioning system (GPS). The study begins by analyzing both systems to familiarize the reader with global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and to provide an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of GPS and Galileo, as well as the systems’ similarities and differences. Although the two systems have different founding principles, they employ similar infrastructures and operational concepts. In the short term, Galileo will provide better accuracy for civilian users until GPS upgrades take effect. But performance is only part of the rationale. The author contends that Europe’s pursuit of Galileo is driven by a combination of reasons, including performance, independence, and economic incentive. With Galileo, Europe hopes to achieve political, security, and technological independence from the United States....

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DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 GPS VERSUS GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 3 WHY GALILEO? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 4 IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . .51 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Illustrations 1 Satellite geometry 9 2 Global positioning system (GPS) satellite 14 3 Galileo satellite 16 Table 1 Number of visible satellites for various masking angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13...

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This book has five chapters. First chapter is introductory in nature. Here we just study chemical pollution caused by garment industries in chapter two of this book using fuzzy associative memories. In chapter three we give ways to control pollution by improving the system performance using hierarchical genetic fuzzy control algorithm. This study is carried out using the past data reported by Shimada et al (1995). Health hazards suffered by the agriculture labourers; caused by the chemicals used as fertilizers and pesticides is analysed in chapter four using RTD matrices. Chapter five gives a method of minimization of SOx and NOx using fuzzy control theory in cement industries to reduce pollution....

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In this chapter, we have used the fuzzy control method to find the correct measure of pressure and speed of kiln. Using data from Alathur cement industry, we have used mean of maximum method of fuzzy control with the data and we found the pressure and speed of kiln. Here the speed and pressure of kiln are important parameters in the kiln, because the SOx and N0X concentration is dependent on the kiln feed, coal feed and the kiln feed, coal feed are dependent on speed and pressure of kiln. That means if we increase the kiln feed and coal feed we must increase the kiln pressure and speed. By this way the mixing of SOx and NOx with kiln feed is maintained properly or otherwise the SOx and NOx will not mix fully with the kiln feed. The remaining unmixed gases of SOx and NOx are the wastage polluting the environment. For this, we convert all this kiln feed and coal feed level and pressure of kiln and speed of kiln into fuzzy control. By using fuzzy control we identify a correct pressure and speed of the kiln for a given kiln feed and coal feed. When we choose a correct pressure of kiln and speed of kiln through fuzzy control, the SO...

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Preface 5 Chapter One INTRODUCTION 7 Chapter Two USE OF FAM MODELS TO ANALYSE THE POLLUTION CAUSED BY THE GARMENT INDUSTRIES 11 Chapter Three HIERARCHICAL GENETIC ALGORITHM TO IMPROVE THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND REDUCE POLLUTION BY CHEMICAL PLANTS 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Description of the Problem 53 3.3 Application of Hierarchical Genetic Fuzzy Control Algorithm to Control Process Variables of Decision Tables in Chemical Plants 56 3.4 Use of Hierarchical Genetic Fuzzy Control Algorithm in the Real Data 58 3.5 Conclusions 73 Chapter Four IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAXIMUM AGE GROUP IN WHICH THE AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS SUFFER HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO CHEMICAL POLLUTION USING RTD MATRIX 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Estimation of the Maximum Age Group of the Agricultural Labourers having Cardio Vascular Problem due to Chemical Pollution using RTD Matrices 77 4.3 Conclusion 93 Chapter Five MINIMIZATION OF SOX AND NOX USING FUZZY CONTROL THEORY IN CEMENT INDUSTRIES TO REDUCE POLLUTION 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Description of the Problem 97 5.3 Process Fates of Sulfur in Cement Kiln 98 5.4 Process Fates of Ni...

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Aim of this book is to present basic mathematics that is needed by computer scientists The reader is not expected to be a mathematician and we hope you will find what follows to be useful....

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By the end of this book, you will be familiar with the programming world, be able to write a Java class and instantiate (create) objects that represent these classes and put them into action. You will be able to write a professional code and to deal with code written by others. The topics are tied together, and built on each other, so, if this is your first time with Java, it is recommended to read the chapters in the same sequence they are presented in the book. We...

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Is this book for me, do I need to read_the_book? 1. If these are your first steps to Java, then read_the_book = yes. 2. If you are not looking for a reference, but for a book that will help you understand the world of Object Oriented Programming beside Java, then read_the_book = yes. 3. If you want to focus on the 20% knowledge that will help you to do 80% of tasks required, then read_the_book = yes. If you are looking for a pile of real world scenarios and training, then read_the_book = yes....

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Bird’s View • Software development life cycle (SDLC)……….…06 • Approaches to develop SDLC…………………………..08 • Object Oriented features………………………….…….14 • Java features………………………………………….……….16 • Requirements of a good program…………………...19 01 2 Class/Object 22 3 Mapping • map class to Java code…………………………………….35 • map class data members to Java code…………….36 • map class method members to Java code……….40 • Method signature……………………………………………48 • deprecated methods……………………………………...49 • passing Java arguments…………………………………..49 33 4 Java Tools 52 5 Problem solving 66 6 Simple-Level Logic • Type casting…………………………………………………...77 • Local variables………………………………………….…….78 • Simple operations…………………………………………..82 • Arithmetic operators……………………………….……..83 75 7 Moderate-Level Logic • Relation operators……………………………………..….091 • Equality operators………………………………….………091 • Conditional operators……………………………….…..091 • packaging……………………………………………………….097 • increment/decrement operators……………….….101 • Conditional statements • if………………………………….091 • switch…………………….……112 • ?:…………………………….…..115 • looping statements • for………………………………...117 • whil...

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Fourier, Mechanical Engineering, August, 2005, pp 30-31 (a condensation of ?Fourier?the Father of Modern Engineering?)

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While your child will enjoy doing Gol-Gol Games, you as the parent/ teacher/ facilitator may need to figure out how to guide your child through Gol-Gol Games, or play the game with your child. This is a useful companion book to Gol-Gol Games Volume 1, designed to help you guide the child, while both of you have fun....

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We are trying to use the “Socratic” method, as in asking questions and letting children think about the answers. We suggest you allow children to think and write the answers. Try not to draw either the objects or the circles for the child. Try to avoid suggesting techniques and methods of thinking. Children can develop their own ways of thinking. Less help in finding answers is a good thing for children! It makes them think. More time in finding answers is a very good thing for children! It makes them think without pressure. Read a book while the child draws. Relax....

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The role of the guide Suggested solutions for words and circles Suggested solutions for adding circles

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Professor Florentin Smrandache is invited to spend a period of three months time at the Research Institute of Extension Engineering at Guangdong University of Technology in China in order to conduct research on extenics....

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Cu moralul extrem de ridicat, alerg pe autostrada I-40 din Gallup spre aeroportul din Albuquerque. Urlă muzica. Ferestrele deschise. Muzică populară românească, din Banat şi Oltenia, la casetă. Am înregistraţi şi pe cântăreţii mei din Bălceşti: Vasile Oprea (Vasilică a lu’ Tirina, vecinul meu), Mărin Covrig (coleg de şcoală primară şi generală), Gheorghe Lupu (mai mare cu doi ani ca mine, stătea peste drum de casa mea)....

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Application / 3 Invitation / 8 Extensica. Fotojurnal instantaneu din Canton / 9 Certificate / 170 Letter / 171

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This book contains 23 papers, most of which were written by participants to the fifth International Conference on Number Theory and Smarandache Notions held in Shangluo University, China, in March, 2009. In this Conference, several professors gave a talk on Smarandache Notions and many participants lectured on them both extensively and intensively. All these papers are original and have been refereed. The themes of these papers range from the mean value or hybrid mean value of Smarandache type functions, the mean value of some famous number theroretic functions acting on the Smarandache sequences, to the convergence property of some infinite series involving the Smarandache type sequences. ...

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3. Remarks Sandor [2] has considered the problem of finding the S-perfect and completely S-perfect numbers, but his proof is not complete. He has proved that the only S-perfect of the form n = p q is n = 6 and there is no S-perfect number of the form n = 2kq where k ¸ 2 is an integer and q is an odd prime. On the other hand, Theorem 2.1 gives all the S-perfect numbers. Again, Sandor only proved that, the only completely S-perfect number of the form n = p2q is n = 28, and all completely S-perfect numbers are given by Theorem 2.2. Theorem 2.1 and Theorem 2.2 ¯nd respectively the S-perfect and completely S-perfect numbers when S(1) = 1. The situation is quite different if one adopts the convention that S(0) = 1. In the latter case, as has been proved by Gronas [3], all completely S-perfect numbers are n = p(prime), 9, 16, 24. All that is known about the S-perfect numbers is that, among the ¯rst 106 numbers, n = 12 is the only S-perfect number (see Ashbacher [4]). In exactly the same way, the Z-perfect and completely Z-perfect numbers may be defined. Thus, given an integer n, 1. ...

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J. Wang : An equation related to the Smarandache power function 1 X. Lu and J. Hu : On the F.Smarandache 3n-digital sequence 5 B. Cheng : An equation involving the Smarandache double factorial function and Euler function 8 A. A. K. Majumdar : S-perfect and completely S-perfect numbers 12 B. Zhao and S. Wang: Cyclic dualizing elements in Girard quantales 21 P. Chun and Y. Zhao : On an equation involving the Smarandache function and the Dirichlet divisor function 27 F. Li and Y. Wang : An equation involving the Euler function and the Smarandache m-th power residues function 31 H. Gunarto and A. Majumdar : On numerical values of Z(n) 34 K. Nagarajan, etc.: M-graphoidal path covers of a graph 58 H. Liu : On the cubic Gauss sums and its fourth power mean 68 A. A. K. Majumdar : On the dual functions Z¤(n) and S¤(n) 74 S. S. Gupta : Smarandache sequence of Ulam numbers 78 L. Li : A new Smarandache multiplicative function and its arithmetical properties 83 Y. Yang and X. Kang : A predator-prey epidemic model with infected predator 86 R. Fu and H. Yang : An equation involving the Lucas numbers 90 W. Yang : Two rings in IS-a...

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Chapter 1 first introduces the interval neutrosophic sets which is an instance of neutrosophic sets. In this chapter, the definition of interval neutrosophic sets and set-theoretic operators are given and various properties of interval neutrosophic set are proved. Chapter 2 defines the interval neutrosophic logic based on interval neutrosophic sets including the syntax and semantics of first order interval neutrosophic propositional logic and first order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic logic can reason and model fuzzy, incomplete and inconsistent information. In this chapter, we also design an interval neutrosophic inference system based on first order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic inference system can be applied to decision making. Chapter 3 gives one application of interval neutrosophic sets and logic in the field of relational databases. Neutrosophic data model is the generalization of fuzzy data model and paraconsistent data model. Here, we generalize various set-theoretic and relation-theoretic operations of fuzzy data model to neutrosophic data model. Chapter ...

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The neutrosophic set generalizes the above mentioned sets from philosophical point of view. From scientific or engineering point of view, the neutrosophic set and set-theoretic operators need to be specified. Otherwise, it will be difficult to apply in the real applications. In this chapter, we de_ne the set theoretic operators on an instance of neutrosophic set called Interval Neutrosophic Set (INS). We call it as “interval" because it is subclass of neutrosophic set, that is we only consider the subunitary interval of [0; 1]....

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Preface iii 1 Interval Neutrosophic Sets 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Properties of Set-theoretic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.5 Convexity of Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 Interval Neutrosophic Logic 21 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2 Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1 Syntax of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.2 Semantics of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.3 Proof Theory of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 Interval Neutrosophic Predicate Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1 Syntax of Interval Neutrosophic Predicate Cal...

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In this book the authors study the erasure techniques in concatenated Maximum Rank Distance (MRD) codes. The authors for the first time in this book introduce the new notion of concatenation of MRD codes with binary codes, where we take the outer code as the RD code and the binary code as the inner code....

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We want to find efficient algebraic methods to improve the realiability of the transmission of messages. In this chapter we give only simple coding and decoding algorithms which can be easily understood by a beginner. Binary symmetric channel is an illustration of a model for a transmission channel. Now we will proceed onto define a linear code algebraically....

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Preface 5 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS 7 Chapter Two ALGEBRAIC LINEAR CODES AND THEIR PROPERTIES 29 Chapter Three ERASURE DECODING OF MAXIMUM RANK DISTANCE CODES 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Maximum Rank Distance Codes 51 3.3 Erasure Decoding of MRD Codes 54 Chapter Four MRD CODES –SOME PROPERTIES AND A DECODING TECHNIQUE 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Error-erasure Decoding Techniques to MRD Codes 64 4.3 Invertible q-Cyclic RD Codes 83 4.4 Rank Distance Codes With Complementary Duals 101 4.4.1 MRD Codes With Complementary Duals 103 4.4.2 The 2-User F-Adder Channel 106 4.4.3 Coding for the 2-user F-Adder Channel 107 Chapter Five EFFECTIVE ERASURE CODES FOR RELIABLE COMPUTER COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS USING CODES OVER ARBITRARY RINGS 111 5.1 Integer Rank Distance Codes 112 5.2 Maximum Integer Rank Distance Codes 114 Chapter Six CONCATENATION OF ALGEBRAIC CODES 129 6.1 Concatenation of Linear Block Codes 129 6.2 Concatenation of RD Codes With CR-Metric 140 FURTHER READING 153 INDEX 157 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 161...

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前言 数论这门学科最初是从研究整数开始的, 所以叫做整数论. 后来整数 论又进一步发展, 就叫做数论了. 确切的说, 数论就是一门研究整数性质 的学科. 它是最古老的数学分支. 按照研究方法来说, 数论可以分成初等 数论, 解析数论, 代数数论, 超越数论, 计算数论, 组合数论等. Foreword Number theory, this discipline was originally started from the study integer, so called Number Theory. Later integer on further development of number theory called it. Rather, number theory is an integer nature of disciplines and it is the oldest branch of mathematics concerned by the study methods, can be divided into elementary number theory, number theory, analytic number theory, algebraic number theory, transcendental number theory, computational number theory, combinatorics number theory and so on....

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第一章Smarandache函数. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 引言. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 关于F.Smarandache可乘数函数的一类均值. . . . . . 1 1.3 Smarandache函数值的分布. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.1 几个引理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.2 证明. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4 Smarandache函数df (n) 的均值. . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5 关于F.Smarandache LCM 函数以及它的主值. . . . . . 12 1.6 Smarandache Pierced 链. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7 Smarandache 函数的几个相关结论. . . . . . . . . . 18 1.7.1 关于Smarandache 函数的一个等式. . . . . . . . 18 1.7.2 关于文章\一个新的算术函数的主值"的一些注释. . 20 1.7.3 Smarandache 函数的一个推广. . . . . . . . . . 23 1.7.4 关于F.Smarandache函数及其k次补数. . . . . . . 27 1.7.5 关于F.Smarandache函数的奇偶性. . . . . . . . 32 第二章伪Smarandache 函数. . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1 伪Smarandache 函数的定义及性质. . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2 关于伪Smarandache函数的几个定理. . . . . . . . . 38 2.3 关于伪Smarandache 函数的几个方程. . . . . . . . . 40 2.3.1 一个与Smarandache函数有关的函数方程及其正整 数解. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.3.2 一个包含伪Smarandache函数及其对偶函数的方程. 42 2.3.3 一个包含伪Smarandache 函数及Smarandache 可乘 函数的方程. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.4 伪Smarandache函数的...

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前言 数论这门学科最初是从研究整数开始的, 所以叫做整数论. 后来整数 论又进一步发展, 就叫做数论了. 确切的说, 数论就是一门研究整数性质 的学科. 在我国, 数论也是发展最早的数学分支之一. 许多著名的数学著 作中都有关于数论内容的论述, 比如求最大公约数、勾股数组、某些不 定方程整数解的问题等等... Foreword Number theory, this discipline was originally started from the study integer, so called Number Theory. Later integer on further development of number theory called it. Rather, number theory is an integer nature of Discipline in our country, the development of number theory is one of the oldest branches of mathematics and many well-known mathematical forward work on number theory in both the content of discourse, such as the common denominator, Pythagorean, some do not Equation given integer solution problems, and so…....

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第一章Smarandache函数的问题及其新进展1 1.1 引言. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Smarandache非构造序列. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Smarandache数字和. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 Smarandache数字乘积. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.5 Smarandache Pierced链. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.6 Smarandache因子乘积. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.7 Smarandache真因子乘积. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.8 Smarandache平方补数. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.9 Smarandache立方补数. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.10 Smarandache广义剩余序列. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.11 Smarandache素数列. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.12 Smarandache平方列. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.13 Smarandache素数可加补数. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.14 Smarandache函数S(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.15 Smarandache双阶乘函数. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.16 Smarandache商函数. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1.17 Smarandache p次幂原函数. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1.18 第一类伪Smarandache素数. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1.19 第一类伪Smarandache平方数. . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.20 Goldbach-Smarandache序列. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.21 Vinogradov-Smarandache序列. . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ...

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This book includes part of the research results about the Smarandache problems written by Chinese scholars at present, and its main purpose is to introduce various results about the Smarandache problems, such as Smarandache function and its asymptotic properties, series convergence, solutions about special equations. At the same time, we put forward to some new interesting problems either in order to research further. We hope this booklet will guide and inspire readers to these fields....

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前言 数论这门学科最初是从研究整数开始的, 所以叫整数数论. 后来整数 数论又进一步发展, 就叫做数论了. 确切地说, 数论就是一门研究整数性 质的学科. 数论和几何学一样, 是古老的数学分支. 数论在数学中的地位是特殊的, 高斯曾经说过:“数学是科学的皇后, 数论是数学中的皇冠”. 虽然数论中的许多问题在很早就开始了研究, 并得到了丰硕的成果, 但是至今仍有许多被数学家称之为“皇冠上的明 珠”的悬而未解的问题等待人们去解决. 正因如此, 数论才能不断地充 实和发展, 才能既古老又年轻, 才能始终活跃在数学领域的前沿. Foreword Number theory, this discipline was originally started from the study integer, so called integer number theory. Later integer further development of number theory, number theory called up. Rather, number theory is an integer of study qualitative disciplines. Number theory and geometry, is an ancient branch of mathematics. Number theory in mathematics position is special, Gauss once said: "Mathematics is the queen of sciences, number theory is the mathematics of the crown. "Although many of the problems in number theory began very early in the research, And has been fruitful, but there are still many of the mathematicians call "crown Ming Pearl "of unsolved problems waiting to be solved for this reason, number theory can continue to charge Real and development in order to both old and young, can always active in the forefront of the field of mathematics....

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目录 第一章Smarandache 函数1 1.1 引言. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 S(n) 函数和d(n) 函数的混合均值. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 关于F.Smarandache 函数S(mn) 的渐近性质. . . . . . . . 6 1.4 复合函数S(Z(n)) 的均值. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 是否为整数的问题. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.6 关于函数S(n) 的一个方程. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.7 关于函数S(nk) 的一个方程. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.8 关于Smarandache 函数值的分布. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.9 S(ak(n)) 函数的值分布. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.10 两个包含Smarandache 函数的方程. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.11 S(n) 函数及其均值. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 第二章Smarandache 对偶函数 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 2.1 引言. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2 Smarandache 对偶函数的渐近公式. . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3 关于Smarandache 对偶函数的一个方程. . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4 关于Smarandache 对偶函数S¤¤(n) . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.5 一个包含SM(n) 函数的方程. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.6 一个包含Smarandache 对偶函数的方程. . . . . . . . . . 44 第三章关于SL(n) 函数及其对偶函数的性质 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 3.1 引言. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.2 SL(n) 函数的渐近公式. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

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A how to book on Chinese construction, in theory and practice.

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Abstract: A tendering is a negotiating process for a contract through by a tenderer issuing an invitation, bidders submitting bidding documents and the tenderer accepting a bidding by sending out a notification of award. It is a main measure for completing market economy in China. According to laws and new regulations, rulers and codes new issued, this book introduces fundamental knowledge and techniques in theory and practice for a construction contract by bids, such as those of macro-economic policies, investing and constructing management, the tendering and bidding law with its regulations and how to compile a qualification document for a designing, consulting, constructing, purchasing project or a corporate body of a project management. By Smarandache multi-spaces, a mathematical evaluation model for bids is established and examples are included. The Tendering and Bidding Law of China, 5 regulations related and 100 answers for tendering and bidding in China can be found in the attachment. It is referable to researchers on theory or persons working in purchasing and students in universities....

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This book will take you on a journey, through the eyes and minds of two unlikely heroes. These two amazing, inventive & creative young souls find adventure & create solutions through the use of mathematics, "Om technology", and sharo-logical edutainment as well as creating a multitude of "Harmless but helpful inventions that assist themselves & those that they meet. These heroes make friends where ever they may go while solving many of what some may call "the worlds problems" along the way. This dynamic duo as well as their amazing group of friends find as much joy in Action sports as they do in listening to all of the great adventures of people that have been alive many more years then them. Love, respect, caring, self-confidence,responsibility and joy are the tools of their trade, and they believe that all people can be truly amazing! Get your copy of "An Essential Book of Good" here today so you can feel, and be even more amazing today!...

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"There were no great walls that could stop a free thinking minds path". One just has to simply do the math, create a plan and then just actually commit, and then do whatever the task". "If one was to study the magic of Mathematics or the physics of lifting off, one could create solutions to even inventing a flying skate-snow or surfboard that levitates effortlessly without even the slightest of sounds"....

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Introduction 1) Essential Fabric & Style 2) Fish Faith 3) Life Keys for you & me 4) A Gift for you 5) Then and Now 6) Strange Days 7) Dream Seeds 8) The Great Storm 9) A Brand New Day 10) A friend in Need is a Friend Indeed 11) Success with Persistence ~ The Golden Envelope...

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Excerpt: Preface By Way Of Criticism. These studies are collected from the monthly press. One appeared in the New Quarterly, one in MacMillan?s, and the rest in the Cornhill Magazine. To the Cornhill I owe a double debt of thanks; first, that I was received there in the very best society, and under the eye of the very best of editors; and second, that the proprietors have allowed me to republish so considerable an amount of copy....

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Contents PREFACE BY WAY OF CRITICISM. ........................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER I ? VICTOR HUGO?S ROMANCES ........................................................................ 15 CHAPTER II ? SOME ASPECTS OF ROBERT BURNS.......................................................... 34 CHAPTER III ? WALT WHITMAN............................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER IV ? HENRY DAVID THOREAU: HIS CHARACTER AND OPINIONS........... 84 CHAPTER V ? YOSHIDA-TORAJIRO..................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER VI ? FRANCOIS VILLON, STUDENT, POET, AND HOUSEBREAKER.........117 CHAPTER VII ? CHARLES OF ORLEANS ............................................................................ 141 CHAPTER VIII ? SAMUEL PEPYS .......................................................................................... 170 CHAPTER IX ? JOHN KNOX AND HIS RELATIONS TO WOMEN .................................. 190...

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Excerpt: Chapter 1. The Foreigner At Home. ?This is no my ain house; I ken by the biggin? o?t.? Two recent books* one by Mr. Grant White on England, one on France by the diabolically clever Mr. Hillebrand, may well have set people thinking on the divisions of races and nations. Such thoughts should arise with particular congruity and force to inhabitants of that United Kingdom, peopled from so many different stocks, babbling so many different dialects, and offering in its extent such singular contrasts, from the busiest over-population to the unkindliest desert, from the Black Country to the Moor of Rannoch. It is not only when we cross the seas that we go abroad; there are foreign parts of England; and the race that has conquered so wide an empire has not yet managed to assimilate the islands whence she sprang. Ireland, Wales, and the Scottish mountains still cling, in part, to their old Gaelic speech. It was but the other day that English triumphed in Cornwall, and they still show in Mousehole, on St. Michael?s Bay, the house of the last Cornish-speaking woman. English itself, which will now frank the traveller through the most of...

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Contents CHAPTER I: THE FOREIGNER AT HOME ..................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II: SOME COLLEGE MEMORIES................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER III: OLD MORTALITY .................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER IV: A COLLEGE MAGAZINE ...................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER V: AN OLD SCOTCH GARDENER ............................................................................. 36 CHAPTER VI: PASTORAL .............................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER VII: THE MANSE .......................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER VIII: MEMOIRS OF AN ISLET .................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER IX: THOMAS STEVENSON ? CIVIL ENGINEER...................................................... 58 CHAPTER X: TALK AND TALKERS ....................

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Excerpt: Welcome to the fifth volume of Best of Four. We hope you enjoy reading it as much as we have enjoyed bringing it to you. The purpose of Best of Four is to bring the best writing produced in English 004 each fall semester to the widest audience possible. Our students have important stories to tell and powerful voices to be heard. The students who read these essays will learn that they too have permission to state what is important to them in a public voice....

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Contents How to Use This Magazine .............................................................................................................. 3 High School to College Andrew Makhoul ........................................................................................ 4 Ignoring Problems Creates More! Ashley Morris................................................................................ 5 Hang in There Brad Hart ................................................................................................................. 6 Nate Brandi Saveri ........................................................................................................................... 7 The Best Birthday Is the Sixteenth Brent Heimbach ......................................................................... 9 Sharing the Bread of Angels Christa Sist ......................................................................................... 10 Tragedy in the Night Danielle Gehman .......................................................................................... 11 My Grandfather David Smith ..............................................

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Introduction: Benjamin Franklin was born in Milk Street, Boston, on January 6, 1706. His father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler who married twice, and of his seventeen children Benjamin was the youngest son. His schooling ended at ten, and at twelve he was bound apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who published the ?New England Courant.? To this journal he became a contributor, and later was for a time its nominal editor....

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Parapedagogy is the science which studies the techniques of instruction and destruction and the deconfiguration of personality. It is concerned with non goals, discontents, anti principles, methods and disorganization forms of the education. In the misseducation research other disciplines are involved, such as the inhuman anatomy and psychology (especially the mass brain washing), the anti sociology of education which studies the psycho-asocial-anti-cultural medium and its sad influence over the personality. ...

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The parapedagogy definition The parapedagogy is the science which studies the techniques of instruction and destruction and the deconfiguration of personality. It is concerned with non goals, discontents, principles, methods and disorganization forms of the instruction and misseducation. The fundamental research in parapedagogy has the main goal to discover the laws and principles of parapedagogy, to establish an idealistic philosophy of the misseducation guideline in the misprocess of reconfiguration of the inhuman personality. The applicative research is preoccupied with student’s individuality, to detect and develop the inaptitude, anti talents, and the discovery of methods and procedures, which would decrease the school efficiency in its misprocess. In the parapedagogy research other disciplines are involved, such as the inhuman anatomy and psychology (especially the brain washing in mass), the sociology of misseducation which studies the psycho-asocial-anti-cultural medium and its influence over the personality. The historic and dialectic immaterialism constitutes the theoretical and methodological base of the parapedagogy res...

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Table of Discontents .................................5 Chapter 1 – Misseducation and Parapedagogy............... 10 Misseducation and parapedagogy...........................10 The miss concept of misseducation..........................13 Chapter 2 - The parapedagogic research.................. 14 The parapedagogy definition.............................14 The non‐objectives of parapedagogy research......................14 Research methods in parapedagogy..........................14 The biological bases of the psychological under development...............18 The role of the environment in personality disconfiguration................19 The rapport between maturity, learning, under‐development...............19 Chapter 3 - Knowledge about student’s personality .............20 The phases of intellectual under‐development......................20 The miss‐concepts of individual, person and personality..................21 The psychological miss‐concept of personality ......................22 Chapter 4 – Programs of study and characterization ............ 26 The main characteristics ...............................29 CHOLERIC...

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The World Public Library Association is the world’s largest aggregator of eBooks. Founded in 1996, the World Public Library Association is a global coordinated effort to preserve and disseminate historical books, classic works of literature, serials, bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other heritage works in a number of languages and countries around the world. World Public Library is a IRC 501(c)(4) Organization, organized Not for profit, but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare. Our mission is to serve and aid the public, students, and educators, by providing the world's most complete collection of electronic books, documents, and articles online, as well as offer a variety of services and resources that support and strengthen the instructional programs of education, elementary through post-baccalaureate studies. Access to the complete holdings of the World Public Library is open to the general public for personal use, members receive an eLibrary Card allowing them unlimited accessto our complete holdings....

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Franklin D. Roosevelt - “The public library is a nation’s act of believing in the capacity of its own people so to learn from the past that they can gain in judgement in creating their own future.” The traditional library is changing, fast. Paper books,and the multi-level structures that house them, are becoming a thing of the past while digital books, eBooks, pave the way for a new future of instant, worldwide accessibility to knowledge. The World Public Library is at the forefront of this movement. I. History A. Purpose of the Library 1. Origins Hi, I’m Mia with the World Public Library and I would like to invite you on a journey through the library’s past present and future. Along the way we will explore what has made the library such a unique and important place historically and what the World Public Library is doing today to make the library more useful and vital than ever before. It’s impossible to think about the progress mankind has made without calculating the role that the library has played. Any city that has had a great impact on learning has had a great library behind it, fu...

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This issue of the journal is devoted to the proceedings of the third International Conference on Number Theory and Smarandache Problems. The conference was a great success and will give a strong impact on the development of number theory in general and Smarandache problems in particular. In this volume we assemble not only those papers which were presented at the conference but also those papers which were submitted later and are concerned with the Smarandache type problems or other mathematical problems. Other papers are concerned with the number-theoretic Smarandache problems and will enrich the already rich stock of results on them. Readers can learn various techniques used in number theory and will get familiar with the beautiful identities and sharp asymptotic formulas obtained in the volume....

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Abstract : Let k be any ¯xed positive integer, n be any positive integer, Sk(n) denotes the smallest positive integer m such that m! is divisible by kn: In this paper, we use the elementary methods to study the asymptotic properties of Sk(n), and give an interesting asymptotic formula for it. Keywords : F. Smarandache problem, primitive numbers, asymptotic formula. ...

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J. Wang : Cube-free integers as sums of two squares 1 G. Liu and H. Li : Recurrences for generalized Euler numbers 9 H. Li and Q. Yang : Some properties of the LCM sequence 14 M. Liu : On the generalization of the primitive number function 18 Z. Lv : On the F. Smarandache LCM function and its mean value 22 Q. Wu : A conjecture involving the F. Smarandache LCM function 26 S. Xue : On the Smarandache dual function 29 N. Yuan : A new arithmetical function and its asymptotic formula 33 A. Muktibodh, etc. : Sequences of pyramidal numbers 39 R. Zhang and S. Ma : An e±cient hybrid genetic algorithm for continuous optimization problems 46 L. Mao : An introduction to Smarandache multi-spaces and mathematical combinatorics 54 M. Selariu : Smarandache stepped functions 81 X. Zhang and Y. Zhang : Sequences of numbers with alternate common di®erences 93 Y. Zhang : On the near pseudo Smarandache function 98 A. Muktibodh : Smarandache mukti-squares 102...

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In The 2nd Conference on Combinatorics and Graph Theory of China (Aug. 16-19, 2006, Tianjing), I formally presented a combinatorial conjecture on mathematical sciences (abbreviated to CC Conjecture), i.e., a mathematical science can be reconstructed from or made by combinatorialization, implicated in the foreword of Chapter 5 of my book Automorphism groups of Maps, Surfaces and Smarandache Geometries (USA, 2005). This conjecture is essentially a philosophic notion for developing mathematical sciences of 21st century, which means that we can combine different fields into a union one and then determines its behavior quantitatively. It is this notion that urges me to research mathematics and physics by combinatorics, i.e., mathematical combinatorics beginning in 2004 when I was a post-doctor of Chinese Academy of Mathematics and System Science. It finally brought about me one self-contained book, the first edition of this book, published by InfoQuest Publisher in 2009. This edition is a revisited edition, also includes the development of a few topics discussed in the first edition....

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1.5 ENUMERATION TECHNIQUES 1.5.1 Enumeration Principle. The enumeration problem on a finite set is to count and find closed formula for elements in this set. A fundamental principle for solving this problem in general is on account of the enumeration principle: For finite sets X and Y , the equality |X| = |Y | holds if and only if there is a bijection f : X → Y . Certainly, if the set Y can be easily countable, then we can find a closed formula for elements in X....

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Contents Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Chapter 1. Combinatorial Principle with Graphs . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Multi-sets with operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1.1.1 Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 Boolean algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.4 Multi-Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 1.2 Multi-posets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2.1 Partially ordered set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 1.2.2 Multi-Poset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3 Countable sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.1 Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.2 Countable set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.4 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.4.1 Graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 1.4.2 Subgraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.4.3 Labeled graph. . . . . . ...

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Progress and development in our knowledge of the structure, form and function of the Universe, in the true sense of the word, its beauty and power, and its timeless presence and mystery, before which even the greatest intellect is awed and humbled, can spring forth only from an unshackled mind combined with a willingness to imagine beyond the boundaries imposed by that ossified authority by which science inevitably becomes, as history teaches us, barren and decrepit. Revealing the secrets of Nature, so that we truly see ‘the sunlit plains extended, and at night the wondrous glory of the everlasting stars’*, requires far more than mere technical ability and mechanical dexterity learnt from books and consensus. The dustbin of scientific history is replete with discredited consensus and the grand reputations of erudite reactionaries. Only by boldly asking questions, fearlessly, despite opposition, and searching for answers where most have not looked for want of courage and independence of thought, can one hope to discover for one’s self. From nothing else can creativity blossom and grow, and without which the garden of science can o...

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After the experiments were completed, the life span of such “atoms” was calculated theoretically in Chapiro’s works [61,62,63]. His main idea was that nuclear forces, acting between nucleon and anti-nucleon, can keep them far away from each other, hindering their annihilation. For instance, a proton and anti-proton are located at the opposite side of the same orbit and move around the orbit’s centre. If the diameter of their orbit is much larger than the diameter of the “annihilation area”, they can be kept from annihilation (see fig. 3). But because the orbit, according to Quantum Mechanics, is an actual cloud spreading far around the average radius, at any radius between the proton and the anti-proton there is a probability that they can meet one another at the annihilation distance. Therefore the nucleon---anti-nucleon system annihilates in any case, as this system is unstable by definition having a life span no more than 10-20 sec....

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Contents Preface 5 Foreword 6 1 Unsolved Problems in Theoretical Physics 8 1.1. Problems related to elementary particles 8 1.2. Problems related to Unmatter 11 1.3 Some unresolved problems, questions and applications of the Brightsen nucleon cluster model 21 2 Unsolved Problems in Mathematics 24 2.1. Maximum number of circles 25 2.2. Consecutive sequence 25 2.3. Diophantine equation 25 2.4. Van Der Waerden Theorem 26 2.5. Differential equation with fractional power 26 2.6. Representation of odd number with prime 26 2.7. Magic square problem 27 2.8. Palindromic number and iteration 27 2.9. Non-Euclidean geometry by giving up its fifth postulate 28 2.10. Smarandache Geometry and Degree of Negation in Geometries 28 2.11. Non-Archimedean triangle theorem 33 2.12. The cubic Diophantine equation 33 2.13. Multispaces and applications in physics 34 3 Unsolved Problems in Astrophysics 35 3.1. Unsolved problems in Celestial Mechanics 35 3.2. Unsolved problems in Astrophysics 37 4 Unsolved Problems in Geophysics 45 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. Some new questions 45 5 Unsolved Problems in Sorites Quantum Paradox and Sm...

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In the volume we assemble not only those papers which were presented at the conference but also those papers which were submitted later and are concerned with the Smarandache type problems. There are a few papers which are not directly related to but should fall within the scope of Smarandache type problems. They are 1. L. Liu and W. Zhou, On conjectures about the class number of binary quadratic forms; 2. W. Liang, An identity for Stirling numbers of the second kind; 3. Y. Wang and Z. Sheng, Two formulas for x^n in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. Other papers are concerned with the number-theoretic Smarandache problems and will enrich the already rich stock of results on them. Readers can learn various techniques used in number theory and will get familiar with the beautiful identities and sharp asymptotic formulas obtained in the volume....

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On Algebraic Multi-Vector Spaces Abstract A Smarandache multi-space is a union of n spaces A1;A2;An with some additional conditions hold. Combining these Smarandache multi-spaces with linear vector spaces in classical linear algebra, the conception of multi-vector spaces is introduced. Some characteristics of multi-vector spaces are obtained in this paper. Keywords Vector, multi-space, multi-vector space, dimension of a space. x1. Introduction These multi-spaces was introduced by Smarandache in under his idea of hybrid mathematics: combining different fields into a unifying field, which can be formally defined with mathematical words by the next definition. ...

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L. Mao : On Algebraic Multi-Vector Spaces 1 L. Liu and W. Zhou : On conjectures concerning class number of binary quadratic forms 7 W. Zhai and H. Liu : On square-free primitive roots mod p 15 X. Pan : A new limit theorem involving the Smarandache LCM sequence 20 M. Le : The Smarandache Perfect Numbers 24 N. Yuan : On the solutions of an equation involving the Smarandache dual function 27 J. Wang : Mean value of a Smarandache-Type Function 31 H. Yang and R. Fu : On the mean value of the Near Pseudo Smarandache Function 35 W. Liang : An Identity of Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind 40 R. Ma : On the F.Smarandache LCM Ratio Sequence 44 L. Mao : On Algebraic Multi-Ring Spaces 48 Y. Han : On the Product of the Square-free Divisor of a Natural Number 55 P. Zhang : Some identities on k-power complement 60 Y. Wang and Z. Sheng : Two Formulas for xn being Represented by Chebyshev Polynomials 64 X. Chen : Two Problems About 2-Power Free Numbers 70 X. Ma : The Asymptotic Formula of P n·x log Pad(n) 72 Q. Tian : On the K-power free number sequence 77 C. Lv : On a generalized equation of Smarandache and its integer sol...

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The 2000 year history of the atom and chemistry, from the Classic Greek Era to the present, is described in 800 pages, depicted with some 300 pictures and illustrations. This history of the atom and chemistry discusses the lives of about 180 chemists and physicists, through the evolution of several stages of development, representing the most important scientific accomplishments. The most significant discoveries in chemistry and physics are presented chronologically to illustrate their contributions to the creation of the chemical sciences during the last 21 centuries....

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INTRODUCTION It is a genuine pleasure and challenge for me to try to express the full extent of my emotions and reasons for writing this book on the STORY OF THE ATOM AND THE SCIENCES, with special reference to the CHEMICAL SCIENCES. In one sentence, I can distill the essence of the purpose for this study by simply stating that it has been a labor of love that transcended the written word because sentiments and ideas belong in the realm of the ethereal and the philosophical as well as in the domain of LITERATURE and SCIENCE. Ever since a young and impressionable student attending a country school in a community of a few hundred people, began to be introduced to the world of knowledge over 65 years ago, the sciences became to me what water is to fish, air is to birds and earth is to humanity. The introduction to the mathematical, physical, chemical and biological sciences felt like reading a beautiful poem or listening to a romantic melody. In essence, it was truly a joyful experience, full of the enigmatic, the mysterious and the fantastic, beyond my wildest imagination. The words used in the title of this book, were car...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 THE STORY OF THE ATOM AND CHEMISTRY 7 THE CAVE MAN 7 ABSTRACT ON THE CONCEPT OF PERSPECTIVE AND SENSE OF DUTY 8 THE MIGRATORY AND THE SEDENTARY MAN 9 ABSTRACT ON THE ATOM AND ITS ENERGY 11 THE CLASSIC GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS 17 EMPEDOCLES (492-432 BC) Greek Philosopher 20 Proposed the four basic elements: earth, water, air and fire. DEMOCRITUS (470-380 BC) Greek Philosopher 22 The founder of the atomic theory of antiquity. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (100-170) Greek Astronomer 24 Proponent of the geocentric theory of our solar system with the Earth and not the Sun at its center. ABSTRACT ON THE GENESIS OF AN ORDERLY AND SYSTEMATIC UNIVERSE 25 THE ALCHEMY OF ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES 32 THE METAL INDUSTRY OF ANTIQUITY 33 Mercury, Copper, Bronze, Iron and Steel. GEBER (721-815) Arabian Alchemist 38 One of the first scholars and alchemists of the Islamic world. OMAR KHAYYAM (12th Century). Persian Scientist and Astronomer 38 Brilliant astronomer and alchemist of the 12th Century. BERNARDO TREVISAN (1406 -1490) Italian Alchemist 39 One of the most famous alchemists of th...

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The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiments, solved and unsolved problems and conjectures, updated or alternative versions of previous papers, short or long humanistic essays, letters to the editors...

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This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We propose a statistical method to extrapolate such critical limit to primary tumour volume. Our model does not involve any physiological variables but rather is entirely based on time series observations of increase in primary tumour volume from the point of initial detection to the actual detection of metastases....

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Collected Eclectic Ideas - preface by the author.............................3 Contents....................................................6 ASTRONOMY..................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS....................................53 5. A Triple Inequality with Series and Improper Integrals, by Florentin Smarandache, in Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 25E, No. 1, 215-217, 2006.........54 6. Immediate Calculation of Some Poisson Type Integrals Using SuperMathematics Circular Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen................................

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The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiments, solved and unsolved problems and conjectures, updated or alternative versions of previous papers, short or long humanistic essays, letters to the editors...

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This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We propose a statistical method to extrapolate such critical limit to primary tumour volume. Our model does not involve any physiological variables but rather is entirely based on time series observations of increase in primary tumour volume from the point of initial detection to the actual detection of metastases....

Table of Contents Details
Collected Eclectic Ideas - preface by the author.............................3 Contents....................................................6 ASTRONOMY..................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS....................................53 5. A Triple Inequality with Series and Improper Integrals, by Florentin Smarandache, in Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 25E, No. 1, 215-217, 2006.........54 6. Immediate Calculation of Some Poisson Type Integrals Using SuperMathematics Circular Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen................................