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"IELTS Speaking Topics" provides both educators and students with a collection of photocopiable speaking two topics. Each question is designed to be used to supplement current materials related to the IELTS academic and general modules of the test. Educators can provide their students with up-to date, and authentic examples of speaking two questions, whilst their students could use each example for stimulated practice outside their classroom. All the questions are indexed under a topic heading, photocopiable and covers a wide range of subjects needed to master this most challenging part of the IELTS speaking test. "IELTS Speaking Topics," is suitable for both instructors and students as an ideal supplementary resource, with a free bonus ebook containing each question. Published by the Asian European University Press, and is available internationally....

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This book presents the advancements and applications of neutrosophics. Chapter 1 rst introduces the interval neutrosophic sets which is an instance of neutrosophic sets. In this chapter, the denition of interval neutrosophic sets and set-theoretic operators are given and various properties of interval neutrosophic set are proved. Chapter 2 denes the interval neutrosophic logic based on interval neutrosophic sets including the syntax and semantics of rst order interval neutrosophic propositional logic and rst order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic logic can reason and model fuzzy, incomplete and inconsistent information. In this chapter, we also design an interval neutrosophic inference system based on rst order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic inference system can be applied to decision making. Chapter 3 gives one application of interval neutrosophic sets and logic in the eld of relational databases. Neutrosophic data model is the generalization of fuzzy data model and paraconsistent data model. Here, we generalize various set-theoretic and relation-theoretic operations...

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Na Kamalei—He Papahana Ho‘ona‘auao Kamali‘i ia no loko mai o kekahi hui ku i ka ‘auhau ‘ole no ka ‘oiwi Hawai‘i. Aia kekahi i loko o keia ‘ahahui he polokal- amu ho‘ona‘auao makua/kamali‘i no ka lawelawe ‘ana i na ‘ohana o Ko‘olauloa ma ka mokupuni o O‘ahu. Me ke kokua kala ‘ana o ka Administration for Na- tive Americans no ka pahana Na Kama o Ko‘olauLoa, ha‘awi keia ‘ahahui i na ‘ohana i mau lawelawe ‘ohana a me na ha‘awina ho‘ona‘auao ho‘i no ka ulu maika‘i ‘ana o ke keiki kupono ma kona mo‘omeheu a me ka pilina kanaka. ‘O ka haku ‘ana i na mo‘olelo no na ‘ohana i loa‘a na po‘e kamali‘i kekahi hana a makou. Ho‘olako ‘ia no ko makou mau ‘ohana me na mo‘olelo leo ma ko makou kaiaulu. No ia kumu, ho‘opuka ‘ia a‘ela na mo‘olelo kuhohonu no ko makou ‘ano he kanaka maoli—‘o wai kakou a mai hea mai kakou. I keia manawa, paipai aku na po‘e kupuna i ke kuka kama‘ilio ‘ana i na mo‘olelo no ka maika‘i o ka hanauna e hiki mai ana. A‘o pu ‘ia akula na mo‘olelo, ka ho‘ike honua, ka ‘olelo, na loina, a me ka mo‘omeheu i loko o keia mau puke no na po‘e kamali‘i pae makahiki 2-4. Nana nui ‘ia keia pu‘ulu puke ‘ewalu o Na ...

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Vowel pronunciation: Ka Papa Puana The (5) Hawaiian vowels are pronounced similar to the following English words. A sounds like U in UMBRELLA E sounds like E in RED I sounds like E in HE O sounds like O in GO U sounds like OO in MOON...

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Mahalo ka mea kakau i keia poe no ka nui o ke kakoo, hoomanawanui a paipai ana mai o ke komike loiloi, o ia hoi, o ke Kauka Kalena Silva (luna komike), ke Kauka William H. “Pila” Wilson, ke Kauka Charles “Kale” Langlas, a me ke Kauka Amy Kuuleialoha Stillman. Mahalo ia Larry Lindsey Kimura i kona ae ana mai e hoolohe a hoohana i kana ninauele ana ia John Kameaaloha Almeida ma na lola hoolohe o ka polokalamu lekio o Ka Leo Hawaii . Mahalo ia T. Haunani Bernardino i kona ae ana i na lola hoolohe i kuai pu ia aku me ka puke o Johnny’s Na Mele Aloha. Mai loko mai o ia puke mai ka hapanui o na himeni i palapala a kalailai ia ma keia pepa. Mahalo ia Harry Soria i ka ike ana i hoike mai ai no ko John Kameaaloha Almeida wa opiopio a no kona makua kane kolea o Paolo Kameaaloha. Mahalo ia Albert Schütz i kana wehewehe ana i kona mau manao no ke kalele kamailio....

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Aia ma keia pepa puka laeoo he kalailaina hoohalikelike i ke kalele kamailio o ka olelo Hawaii a me ke kalele himeni ma himeni i haku a himeni ia e John na Kameaaloha Almeida. Ua kalailai pu ia ka Almeida hookomo ana i na hualeo a huihuina hualeo komo wale ma ka himeni ana i lohe ole ia ma ke kamailio ana....

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Na Hoomaikai. ii -- Na Manao Houluulu. iii -- Ka Papa Kii. iv -- Ka Papa Pakuhi. iv -- Mokuna 1: Ka Hoolauna. 1 -- Ka Hakulau Noii. 2 -- Ka Mea Kakau. 4 -- Na Mokuna. 5 -- Mokuna 2: He Piliolana O John Kameaaloha Almeida. 6 -- Mokuna 3: Na Palapala Himeni. 12 -- Ka Hapana Himeni. 12 -- Ka Okuene. 14 -- Na Kookoo A Me Ka Hoonohonoho Ia Ana O Na Himeni. 15 -- Ka Onaehana Palapala Himeni. 15 -- 1. “Ka Ou O Ka Nahele”. 17 -- 2. “Kuu Ipo Pua Rose”. 25 -- 3. “Kuu Liko Pua I Ke Kakahiaka”. 30 -- 4. “Kuu Onaona”. 35 -- 5. “Lei Hinahina”. 40 -- 6. “Lei Loke O Kapunahou”. 47 -- 7. “Lei Pua Melia”. 55 -- 8. “Na Pua Like Ole O Ka Aina”. 61 -- 9. “Panini Puakea”. 66 -- 10. “Kuu Lei Pua Nani”. 70 -- 11. “Mahalo Haleakala”. 73 -- 12. “A O Ia”. 76 -- Mokuna 4: Na Kapana, Na Huihuina Woela, A Me Ke Kalele Kamailio. 80 -- Ke Kapana. 80 -- Na Huihuina Woela. 81 -- Ke Kalele Huaolelo. 84 -- Na Mahele Huaolelo I Loaa Ke Kalele. 85 -- Ke Kalele Poke Pilinaolelo. 89 -- Mokuna 5: Ke Kalailai Ia Ana O Na Himeni. 90 -- Ka Hookaawale Ana I Na Poke Pilinaolelo. 90 -- Ka Mora. 92 -- Na Pana Ikaika O Ka Mahele. 93 -- Ke Kau Ana o Na Mora Helu Kaulike. 96 -- Na H...

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Aha Punana LeoHe ahahui auhau ole ka Aha Punana Leo i ho okumu ia i ka makahiki 1983 no ka ho ola ana i ka olelo Hawai i a me ka ho okumu ana i na kula e a o ia i loko wale no o ia olelo. I ia makahiki aku, ua ku ke kula Punana Leo mua loa, ke kula ho olu u olelo oiwi mua loa ho i o Amelika Hui Pu la. Ma hope o ka ho ololi ia ana e ka ohana Punana Leo o kekahi kanawai o ka makahiki 1896 e papa ana i na kula olelo Hawai i, ua lawe ia ke ki ina ho ona auao o ka Punana Leo, a me na keiki puka mua pu o ka papahana, i loko o na kula aupuni. Me ke kako o nui ia e ka Aha Punana Leo, ua hiki akula ia papahana aupuni moku aina a hiki i ka papa umikumalua. I keia wa he umikumakahi kula kamali i Punana Leo e hanai haumana nei a e ho onui nei i ka heluna o na kula olelo Hawai i aupuni. Ua ho okumu Pu ia e ka Aha Punana Leo kekahi mau kula ho okolohua no ka ho ona auao i loko o ka olelo Hawai i ana e malama nei me ka Oihana Ho ona auao a me Ka Ha...

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Enhavo Enkonduko 1 Baal kaj Anat 7 La batalo kontrau la Maro 7 La batalo de Anat. 10 La konstruado de domo 17 La morto kaj revivigo de Baal 26 (Ekstraj tekstoj) 33 (Kelkaj aludoj en la Biblio) 35 Krt 39 Krt akiras edzinon 39 La malsanigo de Krt 46 La resanigo de Krt 50 Aqht 55...

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No ka hoike ana i ko kakou manao ma o ka palapala, aole ana paha e nele ke kE mai o kekahi kanaka me ke koikoi ana mai e malama ia kekahi kulekele kEmau ma ka pela ana i na huaolelo Hawaii me ka okina a me ke kahako. E olelo mai paha kela e o ia ka mea e akaka ai ka manao o ia mau huaolelo ke heluhelu aku. A he manao maikai no paha kela. Eia nae, e kEe mai paha auanei ka manao o kekahi kanaka e he mea kela e paa ai kela manao a ike ole ia ai hoi kona naauao ma ke ano laula a hohonu paha. A no laila, ma kahi o ka hookaawale ana i keia mau manao e like me ko kakou manao he pololei a he hewa, e huli hou aku kakou i ka olelo a ko kakou poe kEpuna i hooili maila ma luna o kakou, a no ka mea, o ia ana ko kakou ike a mahalo hoi i ka naauao o ua mau halau la a elua....

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From the moment I was born. kuualoha: Genealogically, we're all at least 2,000 years old. Kaimipono: How many ancestors does it take to make you Hawaiian One. But we forget. We think, You're Hawaiian because you do this and this. kuualoha: Or because you look a certain way. Kaimipono: What do we do to our people when we make those kinds of judgments We disin- herit them. And then we give it to people who don't have the blood at all....

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Astrological aspects (conjunctions, oppositions, trines, squares, sextiles) between dates of two historical events explain their similar or opposite character. This is illustrated by the example of the Munich Conference (1938) and the birth dates of its participants. Historical repetitions connected with the 60 years period of the Chinese horoscope are considered (Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, 60 years after the peninsula was given to Ukraine by order of Khrushchev). The half-period of 30 years is connected with couples of events combining analogy with contrast (e.g. the Sepoy uprising of 1857 and India's independence of 1947=1857+90). The chronology of the conflicts in the spheres of direct geopolitical influence of Germany, Serbia, Iraq, China and Russia is examined as a continuation of the comparative study of these spheres performed in V. P. Kostov, "The Rules of History". Other regions are also compared historically and geographically - South Europe, Georgia, South America, Spain and Mexico. Repetition of historical events or their analogy is often accompanied by high correlations between names of participants or places of bat...

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Definition. Suppose that two words contain respectively m and n letters, where n is greater than or equal to m. Suppose that they have exactly p letters in common counted with the possible repetitions. Then the correlation between the two words is equal to p/m. For instance, the correlation between the words « Italy » and « Sicily » is 3/5 (one has m=5, n=6 and p=3). The one between the words « Aix » and « Paris » is 2/3 (m=3, n=5, p=2). In any case the correlation remains a purely formally defined quantity. When the resemblance between two words is discussed one takes into account also the fact whether the first letters (eventually the first vowels) are the same and/or whether the letters in common are in the same order. Then comes the delicate question about spelling and pronunciation. This might raise the question whether the letters « s » and « ç » should be distinguished or not. But let's illustrate first the notions of correlation and resemblance by some examples. The resemblance between the names of (Aimé-Joseph) Darnand, head of the French Militia during the German occupation in World War II, and of the admiral (Jean L...

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Preface. Chapter 1. The Chinese horoscope and parallel events. Chapter 2. Comparison between five geographic regions. Names of persons and places of battles. Appendix 1. Beginnings and ends of the years according to the Chinese horoscope. Appendix 2. The Cyrillic alphabet....

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Chapter 1 first introduces the interval neutrosophic sets which is an instance of neutrosophic sets. In this chapter, the definition of interval neutrosophic sets and set-theoretic operators are given and various properties of interval neutrosophic set are proved. Chapter 2 defines the interval neutrosophic logic based on interval neutrosophic sets including the syntax and semantics of first order interval neutrosophic propositional logic and first order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic logic can reason and model fuzzy, incomplete and inconsistent information. In this chapter, we also design an interval neutrosophic inference system based on first order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic inference system can be applied to decision making. Chapter 3 gives one application of interval neutrosophic sets and logic in the field of relational databases. Neutrosophic data model is the generalization of fuzzy data model and paraconsistent data model. Here, we generalize various set-theoretic and relation-theoretic operations of fuzzy data model to neutrosophic data model. Chapter ...

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The neutrosophic set generalizes the above mentioned sets from philosophical point of view. From scientific or engineering point of view, the neutrosophic set and set-theoretic operators need to be specified. Otherwise, it will be difficult to apply in the real applications. In this chapter, we de_ne the set theoretic operators on an instance of neutrosophic set called Interval Neutrosophic Set (INS). We call it as “interval" because it is subclass of neutrosophic set, that is we only consider the subunitary interval of [0; 1]....

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Preface iii 1 Interval Neutrosophic Sets 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Properties of Set-theoretic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.5 Convexity of Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 Interval Neutrosophic Logic 21 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2 Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1 Syntax of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.2 Semantics of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.3 Proof Theory of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 Interval Neutrosophic Predicate Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1 Syntax of Interval Neutrosophic Predicate Cal...

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This book is organized into seven chapters. The first one is introductory in nature. In the second chapter authors give the unique and new way of analyzing the data which is time dependent. In chapter three the authors for the first time define the new concept of matrices with linguistic variables. In chapter four authors have used super matrices in super fuzzy models like super FCMs, super FRMs super FAMs etc. In chapter five we define interval matrix and matrix interval using the natural class of intervals, that is intervals of the form [a, b] where a b or a and b not comparable. In the final chapter we have defined the new notion of bimatrices and n-matrices. Using these new concepts we have constructed linear algebra of type I and linear algebra of type II. Using these matrices we can build n-eigen values and n-eigen vectors....

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Preface 5 Chapter One INTRODUCTION 7 Chapter Two AVERAGE TIME DEPENDENT (ATD) DATA MATRIX 9 Chapter Three FUZZY LINGUISTIC MATRICES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 43 Chapter Four SUPERMATRICES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 65 Chapter Five INTERVAL MATRICES AND NATURAL CLASS OF INTERVALS 149 Chapter Six DSM MATRIX OF REFINED LABELS 203 Chapter Seven N-MATRICES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 205 FURTHER READING 217 INDEX 222 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 226...

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Have a video that you need to make accessible, but don't have a clue how to start? This book will get you up and running in no time. It will show you how in layman's language how to go about the task of closed captioning your videos, what the different formats are, what software to use, and will also go over the basic style guidelines in creating captioned videos....

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Captioning video not only makes video accessible to the deaf and hard-of-hearing, but there are other compelling reasons for it as well. These are also good talking points to convince others of the need to caption video. • Captioned videos have better user retention of the video content. • The video’s transcripts are searchable, so you will get better Search Engine Optimization (SEO), which may give you a leg up on your competition. • Captioned video also opens your market reach to a whole new segment of paying customers - the deaf! • It’s the law. Many videos that are provided to the public must be captioned either due to federal communication law, or merely a company’s policy regarding accessibility. • Language learning relies heavily on captioned video. • If the viewer is in a noisy area and does not have access to headphones, the captions can be read while watching the video. • Similarly, if the viewer does not have headphones and cannot turn up the volume due to the need to keep noise to a minimum (like in a library or nursery), the captions are there to provide what is being spoken....

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Preface 1. Why Caption Video? 2. Captioning Formats 3. Helpful Software 4. Captioning Style Guide Helpful Video Captioning Related Links About the Author...

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Dialogue format between three great philosophers. Two German and one Buddhist monk from 200 AD India.

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Nāgārjuna talks directly to Martin Heidegger. Martin, you had Parmenides and impossibility of thinking of non-Being. Supposedly, he wrote: “neither could you know what is not nor could you declare it”. Indeed, the rest of the western philosophical history is: Plato’s dialogue the Sophist and stranger’s position about non-Being and the simple discussion of the semantics of non-Being; or Hegel’s view of non-Being in the Science of Logic which is only thought in the general context of progress of the methodology of the “circles of circles”. No wonder your remarks that “nothing nothings” (Das Nichts nichtet) is often thought of as your confusions. You started off with a chair with only one leg and that was unbalanced – this is the western approach which you had to deal with metaphysically. You got stuck too....

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Dramatis personas: Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) owner of the ‘Die Hütte’. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Archaya Nagarjuna 2-3th century AD Buddhist author of Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way (Mulamadhyamakakarika). Mādhyamaka Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha (563-483 BC). Socrates (Greek philosopher, 469 BC to 399 BC). Plato (424BC - 348 BC), Greek philosopher who re-wrote the Republic seven time over. Narrator...

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In the course of the last decade of second millenium I began an intensive correspondence with poets, writers, and translators from around the world. ]\0 restrictions by any political system were imposed to me and no fear. It was like a lyrical fiesta that I enjoyed, .. This poetry volume, in seven languages, is a result of my "aggressive" cooperation and thousands of letters I sent (and received) between 1990-2000 since I exiled to and lived in America. In February 1991 I was invited to give a speech and read some of my literary creation at the Moorhead State University in Minnesota. With that occasion. the students in French and Spanish classes translated several of my poems: Chris Raymond, Marcia Melrose, Shannon Dyrud, and Carmen Kinnischtcke. Even more, Teresinka Pereira, President of International Writers and Artists Association, published my first Spanish booklet, . .Inventario del general malo", 1991, and my first Portuguese booklet. ,.Fanatico", 1989. I have randomly contributed to various international journals and anthologies of v•erse. Whatever address fell in my hands. I sent it poems. Thus, Virginia Rhodas from Buenos A...

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The internationally known Aha Punana Leo, Inc. is a non-profit organization which was established in 1983 to revitalize the nearly extinct Hawaiian language and establish schools taught entirely through that language. The following year, the organization founded the first Punana Leo school which was also the first Native American language immersion school in the United States. After the Punana Leo families changed an 1896 law banning Hawaiian language schools, the Punana Leo method of education, along with the first graduates of the program, were taken into the public schools. With strong support from the Aha Punana Leo, that state government program has expanded to the twelfth grade. Presently there are eleven Punana Leo preschools that graduate students and provide growth for such government Hawaiian language schools. The Aha Punana Leo has also initiated two Hawaiian language medium laboratory schools which it runs in cooperation with the Hawaii State Department of Education and the Ka Haka Ula O Keelikolani College of Hawaiian Language of the University of Hawaii at Hilo. Additional operations include production and distribution...

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The internationally known Aha Punana Leo, Inc. is a non-profit organization which was established in 1983 to revitalize the nearly extinct Hawaiian language and establish schools taught entirely through that language. The following year, the organization founded the first Punana Leo school which was also the first Native American language immersion school in the United States. After the Punana Leo families changed an 1896 law banning Hawaiian language schools, the Punana Leo method of education, along with the first graduates of the program, were taken into the public schools. With strong support from the Aha Punana Leo, that state government program has expanded to the twelfth grade. Presently there are eleven Punana Leo preschools that graduate students and provide growth for such government Hawaiian language schools. The Aha Punana Leo has also initiated two Hawaiian language medium laboratory schools which it runs in cooperation with the Hawaii State Department of Education and the Ka Haka Ula O Keelikolani College of Hawaiian Language of the University of Hawaii at Hilo. Additional operations include production and distribution...

Description Details
The internationally known Aha Punana Leo, Inc. is a non-profit organization which was established in 1983 to revitalize the nearly extinct Hawaiian language and establish schools taught entirely through that language. The following year, the organization founded the first Punana Leo school which was also the first Native American language immersion school in the United States. After the Punana Leo families changed an 1896 law banning Hawaiian language schools, the Punana Leo method of education, along with the first graduates of the program, were taken into the public schools. With strong support from the Aha Punana Leo, that state government program has expanded to the twelfth grade. Presently there are eleven Punana Leo preschools that graduate students and provide growth for such government Hawaiian language schools. The Aha Punana Leo has also initiated two Hawaiian language medium laboratory schools which it runs in cooperation with the Hawaii State Department of Education and the ka Haka Ula O keelikolani College of Hawaiian Language of the University of Hawaii at Hilo. Additional operations include production and distribution...

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Ua nui ko Kimo hauoli i ka lohe ana e pili ana i ka pepe hou. O Kimo ke keiki hookahi o ka ohana Komohale, a kokoke e piha elima makahiki ia ia i keia wa. Aka nae, i nehinei no i hai mai ai kona mama a me kona papa ia ia e loaa ana he pepe hou ma ka ohana. Hookahi wale no nae pilikia o ka ohana Komohale. Ua liilii loa ko lakou hale, a makemake lakou e pakui i lumi moe hou no ka pepe....

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The internationally known Aha Punana Leo, Inc. is a non-profit organization which was established in 1983 to revitalize the nearly extinct Hawaiian language and establish schools taught entirely through that language. The following year, the organization founded the first Punana Leo school which was also the first Native American language immersion school in the United States. After the Punana Leo families changed an 1896 law banning Hawaiian language schools, the Punana Leo method of education, along with the first graduates of the program, were taken into the public schools. With strong support from the Aha Punana Leo, that state government program has expanded to the twelfth grade. Presently there are eleven Punana Leo preschools that graduate students and provide growth for such government Hawaiian language schools. The Aha Punana Leo has also initiated two Hawaiian language medium laboratory schools which it runs in cooperation with the Hawaii State Department of Education and the Ka Haka Ula O Keelikolani College of Hawaiian Language of the University of Hawaii at Hilo. Additional operations include production and distribution...

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Tutu, he aha ke ano o keia mea kanu" i ninau ai o Kalei. "He lai kena," i pane aku ai kona kupuna kane. "I mea aha ka lai" "Nui na ano hana a ka lai. Hiki ia oe ke lei i ka lai. Eia. "...

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The internationally known Aha Punana Leo, Inc. is a non-profit organization which was established in 1983 to revitalize the nearly extinct Hawaiian language and establish schools taught entirely through that language. The following year, the organization founded the first Punana Leo school which was also the first Native American language immersion school in the United States. After the Punana Leo families changed an 1896 law banning Hawaiian language schools, the Punana Leo method of education, along with the first graduates of the program, were taken into the public schools. With strong support from the Aha Punana Leo, that state government program has expanded to the twelfth grade. Presently there are eleven Punana Leo preschools that graduate students and provide growth for such government Hawaiian language schools. The Aha Punana Leo has also initiated two Hawaiian language medium laboratory schools which it runs in cooperation with the Hawaii State Department of Education and the Ka Haka Ula O Keelikolani College of Hawaiian Language of the University of Hawaii at Hilo. Additional operations include production and distribution...

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O Wakea, o ia hoi ka makuakane o na mokupuni o Hawaii nei, o ia ke kane. O Hoohokukalani ka wahine. Hapai o Hoohokukalani a nui aela kona opu. O kana pepe mua ana keia, o ia hoi kana hiapo. Hanau o Hoohokukalani. He pepe eepa kana; he keiki alualu. Olelo ia o ia e kanu i ia pepe ma ka aoao hikina o ka hale, o ia hoi ma ka aoao e pii mai ai ka la i ke kakahiaka....

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The internationally known ‘Aha Punana Leo, Inc. is a non-profit organization which was established in 1983 to revitalize the nearly extinct Hawaiian language and establish schools taught entirely through that language. The following year, the organization founded the first Punana Leo school which was also the first Native American language immersion school in the United States. After the Punana Leo families changed an 1896 law banning Hawaiian language schools, the Punana Leo method of education, along with the first graduates of the program, were taken into the public schools. With strong support from the ‘Aha Punana Leo, that state government program has expanded to the twelfth grade. Presently there are eleven Punana Leo preschools that graduate students and provide growth for such government Hawaiian language schools. The ‘Aha Punana Leo has also initiated two Hawaiian language medium laboratory schools which it runs in cooperation with the Hawai’i State Department of Education and the Ka Haka ‘Ula O Ke’elikolani College of Hawaiian Language of the University of Hawai’i at Hilo. Additional operations include production and distr...

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Kula Kaiapuni Hawai’i is usually a stream of classes within an English medium school. While children in the English medium classes often admire the ability to speak Hawaiian, they also sometimes tease Kula Kaiapuni Hawai’i students for being different. Although all children tease each other, being teased while in a minority position requires some positive support. This book was written in response to parents' requests for help in dealing with a true-life situation: the derision of Hawaiian cultural practices by non Hawaiian-speaking children. This story provides a traditional strategy for ignoring teasing as well as reinforcement for practices and values of Kula Kaiapuni Hawai’i students that parents view as positive....

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How consciousness can become part of all of life,

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nearly every atom in your body is exchanged every month only your bones take longer and are new almost yearly that’s why you eat so much every birthday you have an entirely different body - so, who are you ? - your essence existed before you your affects exist all around you who you are in essence and what you did and what you do are eternal...

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Item Title 1 Introduction 2 Index Poem1 Already Damned Poem2 Can You Imagine Poem3 The Joy Of Poem4 Fear Is A Prison Poem5 Truth and Illusions. Poem6 Critical Eyes Poem7 Our Poetry Poem8 The Trouble With Silence Poem9 Empty Room Poem10 Freedom Poem11 What Am I Tomorrow Poem12 The Bottom Of Things Poem13 The Painful Way To Enlightenment Poem14 Ripples and Echoes Poem15 Phase 1 Poem16 God Is Eccentric Poem17 Friends Poem18 Comfort Poem19 Comfort Too Poem20 Today Poem21 The Light Poem22 Working Poem23 Welcome You Poem24 Coffee Poem25 Words Poem26 ...

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Most countries and peoples of Europe and Asia are grouped in the spheres of direct geopolitical influence of Russia, Germany, Serbia, Iraq and China. Repetition of relationship (defined by ethnic and religious proximity) between countries from these spheres are observed. Thus there are two Russian (German, Serbian, Chinese) speaking countries - Russia and Belarus (Germany and Austria, Serbia and Montenegro, China and Taiwan). The Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas exhibit similar political geography and history. Important events (e.g. World Wars) occur in couples. In American and Russian history the number 12 is crucial for its understanding (6 couples of most important wars in the former and 12 communist and post-communist rulers in the latter, the events of post-communism repeating the ones of communism). If a (post)-communist Russian leader has the same name as a former Russian tsar or prince, then a repetition of events takes place - the names Boris (Godunov) and Mikhail (Romanov) are connected with the Time of Troubles, Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin mark the perestroika, its modern version. The book is addressed to those inter...

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It is natural to consider the following countries as belonging or having once belonged to the zone of direct geopolitical influence of Germany: Austria, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, The Netherlands and Denmark. The reasons (except in most of the cases to be direct neighbours) are the following ones: - some of them (namely, Austria, Hungary, parts of Poland, The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia and Slovenia) have belonged to the Austro- Hungarian Empire, where German was the official language; - others (France, Belgium, Denmark, Lithuania and Italy) have annexed after World War I territories peopled at least in part by ethnic Germans; these were the German territories respectively Alsace and Lorraine for France, the cantons Eupen and Malmedy for Belgium (today they constitute its German speaking linguistic zone), Northern Schleswig for Denmark, the port Memel (Klaipeda) for Lithuania; Italy has annexed the German speaking Southern Tyrol belonging up to then to Austria-Hungary; today this is one of the five Italian regions...

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Preface Chapter 1. Resemblance and correlation between words Chapter 2. Resemblances between different geographical regions Chapter 3. Resemblance between historical events Chapter 4. The five spheres of direct geopolitical influence in the Old World Chapter 5. The rules of the American history Chapter 6. The rules of the Russian history...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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A structure theorem of right C-rpp semigroups1 Abstract A new method of construction for right C-rpp semigroups is given by using a right cross product of a right regular band and a strong semilattice of left cancellative monoids. Keywords Right C-rpp semigroups, right cross products, right regular bands, left cancellative monoids. x1. Introduction Recall that a semigroup S is called an rpp semigroup if all its principal right ideals aS1, regarded as right S1-systems, are projective. According to J.B. Fountain[5], a semigroup S is rpp if and only if, for any a 2 S, the set Ma=fe 2 E j S1a µ Se and for all x; y 2 S1, ax = ay ) ex = eyg is a non-empty set, where E is the set of all idempotents of S. An rpp semigroup S is called strongly rpp if for every a 2 S, there exists a unique idempotent e in Ma such that ea=a. It is easy to see that regular semigroups are rpp semigroups and completely regular semigroups are strongly rpp semigroups. Thus, rpp semigroups are generalizations of regular semigroups. A strongly rpp semigroups S is said to be a right C-rpp semigroup if L. _ R is a congruence on S and Se µ eS for all e 2 E(...

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X. Pan and B. Liu : On the irrational root sieve sequence 1 H. Liu : Sub-self-conformal sets 4 K. Liu : On mean values of an arithmetic function 12 L. Wang and Y. Liu : On an infinite series related to Hexagon-numbers 16 X. Ren, etc. : A structure theorem of right C-rpp semigroups 21 A. R. Gilani and B. N. Waphare : Fuzzy extension in BCI-algebras 26 A. S. Shabani : The Pell's equation x2 ¡ Dy2 = §a 33 L. Cheng : On the mean value of the Smarandache LCM function 41 W. Guan : Four problems related to the Pseudo-Smarandache-Squarefree function 45 Y. Lou : On the pseudo Smarandache function 48 J. L. Gonzalez : A miscellaneous remark on problems involving Mersenne primes 51 Y. Liu and J. Li : On the F.Smarandache LCM function and its mean value 52 N. T. Quang and P. D. Tuan : A generalized abc-theorem for functions of several variables 56 W. Liu, etc. : An assessment method for weight of experts at interval judgment 61 Y. Xue : On the F.Smarandache LCM function SL(n) 69 Y. Zheng : On the Pseudo Smarandache function and its two conjectures 74 Z. Ding : Diophantine equations and their positive integer solutions 77 S. Gou ...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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Abstract In this paper, we use 4-cyclotomic cosets of modulo n and generator polynomials to describe quaternary simple-root cyclic codes of length n = 85. We discuss the conditions under which a quaternary cyclic codes contain its dual, and obtain some quantum error-correcting codes of length n = 85, three of these codes are better than previous known codes. Keywords Quaternary cyclic code, self-orthogonal code, quantum error-correcting code. x1. Introduction Since the initial discovery of quantum error-correcting codes, researchers have made great progress in developing quantum error-correcting codes. Many code construction are given. Reference [1] gives a thorough discussion of the principles of quantum coding theory. Many good quantum error-correcting codes were constructed from BCH codes, Reed-Muller codes, Reed-Solomon codes and algebraic geometric codes, see [2-6]. So it is natural to construct quantum error-correcting codes from quaternary cyclic codes. It is known that there is a close relation between cyclotomic coset and cyclic codes. Suggested by this relation, we use 4-cyclotomic coset modulo n and generator polyn...

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S. M. Khairnar and M. More : Subclass of analytic and univalent functions in the unit disk 1 Y. Ma, etc. : Large quaternary cyclic codes of length 85 and related quantum error-correcting 9 J. Chen : Value distribution of the F.Smarandache LCM function 15 M. Bencze : About a chain of inequalities 19 C. Tian and N. Yuan : On the Smarandache LCM dual function 25 J. Caltenco, etc. : Riemannian 4-spaces of class two 29 Y. Xue : On a conjecture involving the function SL¤(n) 41 Y. Wang : Some identities involving the near pseudo Smarandache function 44 A. Gilani and B. Waphare : On pseudo a-ideal of pseudo-BCI algebras 50 J. Chen : An equation involving the F.Smarandache multiplicative function 60 M. Enciso-Aguilar, etc. : Matrix elements for the morse and coulomb interactions 66 Y. Xu and S. Li : On s¤¡Supplemented Subgroups of Finite Groups 73 C. Tian : Two equations involving the Smarandache LCM dual function 80 W. Zheng and J. Dou : Periodic solutions of impulsive periodic Competitor- Competitor-Mutualist system 86 X. Zhang : On the fourth power mean value of B(Â) 93 Z. Lv : On the F.Smarandache function and its mean val...

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The authors in this book have analyzed the socio-economic and psychological problems faced by People with Disabilities (PWDs) and their families. The study was made by collecting data using both fuzzy linguistic questionnaire by interviews in case they are not literates from 2,15,811 lakhs people. This data was collected using the five Non Government Organizations (NGOs) from northern Tamil Nadu....

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The main objective of this was to understand the basic psychological and social problems faced by the PWDs and their caretakers. To interpret the collected data, tabulations and analysis were made. Efforts were made to highlight the inferences in each table and in few places comments were made in order to use it for fuzzy analysis. Following is the list of organizations and the total population from 5 blocks is listed below....

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Preface 6 Chapter One INTRODUCTION TO BASIC CONCEPTS 11 Chapter Two ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTED DATA OF THE PWDS FROM MELMALAYANUR AND KURINJI PADI BLOCKS IN TAMIL NADU 13 Chapter Three THE NEW FUZZY COGNITIVE RELATIONAL MAPS (FCRMS) BIMODEL 29 Chapter Four ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO ECONOMIC PROBLEMS FACED BY THE PWDS USING (SFCMS) 47 4.1 Application of FCMs Models to Social and Psychological Problems 48 4.2 Expert Opinion of PWDs using Special FCMs to Analyse the Problem of PWDs 50 4.3 The Expert Opinion of the caretakers of the PWDs using SFCM 59 4.4 The Expert Opinion of the NGOs working with the PWDs using Special FCM Model 62 Chapter Five THE STUDY OF INTERRELATED PROBLEMS FACED BY THE PWDS AND THE CARE TAKERS 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Experts Opinion from a Public Person Living in Melmalayanur Block 77 5.3 Expert Opinion of PWDs using FRMs 84 5.4 Expert Opinion of Caretakers of the PWDs using FRM 87 5.5 Expert Opinion of the NGOs working with the PWDs using the FRM model 93 Chapter Six ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS OF RURAL PWDs USING THE NEW FCRM BIMODEL 99 6.1 Expert Opinion of the Caretaker and a PWD using the ...

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In this book the authors endeavor to provide the people of the State of Hawaii with a glossary of important place names in the State, including names of valleys, streams, mountains, land sections, surfing areas, towns, villages, and Honolulu streets and buildings. The first edition of Place Names of Hawaii contained only 1,125 entries. The coverage is expanded in the present edition to include about 4,000 entries, including names in English. Individual entries have been lengthened, especially for important places or those rich in legendary or historical associations, for example, Io-lani, Ka-huku, Ka-lihi, Ka-wai-a-Ha o, Moana-lua, and La Pérouse. As in the earlier volume, meanings of the Hawaiian names are given when possible, as well as background information and, in some instances, references that may be consulted for verification and further information. Approximately 800 more names are included in this volume than appear in the Atlas of Hawaii (see References). The difference is due to the inclusion here of names of surfing areas, streets, and buildings, and of rocks and spots for which legends exist. The names in the Gloss...

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Glossary. 1 -- Hawaiian words used in the Glossary. 3 -- Abbreviations used in the Glossary. 4 -- Glossary. 5 -- Appendix. 235 -- Previous studies of place names. 235 -- Sources consulted. 237 -- Sound changes and the need for salvage. 238 -- New names. 241 -- Structural analysis. 243 -- Semantic analysis. 253 -- Words of non-Hawaiian origin and names of streets and buildings. 263 -- Connotative values of place names. 266 -- Names found elsewhere in Polynesia. 277 -- Representation of the lexicon and the grammar in the place names. 280 -- References. 281 --...

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Language, in all parts of the earth, is the principal medium of communication between men. It is employed only by rational beings, or such as to have the faculty of speech; that is, of uttering articulate sounds. Language is the medium of communicating ideas in two ways: 1st, by the use of the voice in the utterance of articulate sounds termed words; 2nd, by characters representing articulate sounds. The former is addressed to the ear, the latter to the eye. Languages, like the people of the earth, are divided into great families. These again, owing to some local or other circumstances, are divided into Dialects. A dialect is a branch of some more general language. A dialect is formed by leaving off from the forms of the general language, or by adding something new to them. The pronunciation may to some extent be altered etc. These changes may be produced by time, accident, culture or neglect. Most if not all the dialects of Polynesia appear to have had the same origin, which, in all probability, was the Malayan. As the Islands of the great Pacific Ocean, constituting Polynesia, are many and far separated, it is reasonabl...

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Grammar is a written account of the principles used in writing or speaking a language. A Hawaiian Grammar is an explanation of the rules and principles used by Hawaiians in speaking and writing their language. Grammatical Treatises are usually divided into several parts, viz. Orthography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody. Orthography treats of letters and their formation into words. Etymology treats of words and their changes in relation to each other. Syntax teaches the rules whereby words are formed into sentences. Prosody will hardly be included in this Grammar. Note. — It is taken for granted, in this work, that the reader understands the principles of general Grammar; hence many definitions are omitted....

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Grammar Definition Sec. -- 1 —3 -- Part 1 Orthography -- 4 -- Hawaiian Alphabet -- 6 -- Division of Letters -- 8 —10 -- Of the Vowel Sounds -- 11 -- Of the Consonant Sounds -- 13 -- Of the Sounds of Foreign Consonants -- 14 Of Diphthongs -- 15—18 -- Of Syllables -- 19—23 -- Of Words -- 24—26 -- Formation of Words -- 27—36 -- Peculiarities in the Use of Words -- 37—40 -- Of Accents—General Law -- 41—45 -- Letters Dropped -- 46 -- Letters Inserted -- 48 -- Etymology Definition -- 52 -- Of the O Emphatic -- 53 -- Its Place in the Sentence—Rules -- 54 -- Of the Articles Generally -- 55—58 -- Definite articles ka and ke -- 59 -- Where they are Used -- 60—61 – Semi-definite Articles -- 63—65 -- Indefinite Articles -- 66 -- Plural Article -- 67 -- Of the Simple Prepositions -- 68 -- Their Use and Signification -- 69—75 -- Of Nouns Sec. -- 76 -- Nouns Proper and Common -- 77—78 -- Abstract and Concrete -- 79 -- Syllables forming a Class -- 80 -- Of Person -- 82 -- Definition three Persons -- 82 -- Of Number -- 83 -- Nouns have three numbers -- 83—85 -- Signs of Dual and Plural -- 86—94 -- Of Gender -- 95 -- No Neuter Gender -- 96 -- Specifi...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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An identity involving the function ep(n) Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between the Riemann zeta-function and an in¯nite series involving the Smarandache function ep(n) by using the elementary method, and give an interesting identity. Keywords Riemann zeta-function, in¯nite series, identity. x1. Introduction and Results Let p be any fixed prime, n be any positive integer, ep(n) denotes the largest exponent of power p in n. That is, ep(n) = m, if pm j n and pm+1 - n. In problem 68 of [1], Professor F.Smarandache asked us to study the properties of the sequence fep(n)g. About the elementary properties of this function, many scholars have studied it (see reference [2]-[7]), and got some useful results. For examples, Liu Yanni [2] studied the mean value properties of ep(bk(n)), where bk(n) denotes the k-th free part of n, and obtained an interesting mean value formula for it. That is, let p be a prime, k be any fixed positive integer, then for any real number x ¸ 1, we have the asymptotic formula....

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F. Ayatollah, etc. : Some faces of Smarandache semigroups' concept in transformation semigroups' approach 1 G. Feng : On the F.Smarandache LCM function 5 N. Quang and P. Tuan : An extension of Davenport's theorem 9 M. Zhu : On the hybrid power mean of the character sums and the general Kloosterman sums 14 H. Yang and R. Fu : An equation involving the square sum of natural numbers and Smarandache primitive function 18 X. Pan and P. Zhang : An identity involving the Smarandache function ep(n) 26 A.A.K. Majumdar : A note on the Smarandache inversion sequence 30 F. Li : Some Dirichlet series involving special sequences 36 Y. Wang : An asymptotic formula of Sk(n!) 40 S. Gao and Z. Shao : A fuzzy relaxed approach for multi-objective transportation problem 44 J. Li : An infinity series involving the Smarandache-type function 52 B.E. Carvajal-Gamez, etc. : On the Lorentz matrix in terms of Infeld-van der Waerden symbols 56 X. Li : On the mean value of the Smarandache LCM function 58 K. Ran and S. Gao : Ishikawa iterative approximation of fixed points for multi-valued Ástrongly pseudo-contract mappings 63 X. Fan : On the divisi...

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This issue of the journal is devoted to the proceedings of the third International Conference on Number Theory and Smarandache Problems. The conference was a great success and will give a strong impact on the development of number theory in general and Smarandache problems in particular. In this volume we assemble not only those papers which were presented at the conference but also those papers which were submitted later and are concerned with the Smarandache type problems or other mathematical problems. Other papers are concerned with the number-theoretic Smarandache problems and will enrich the already rich stock of results on them. Readers can learn various techniques used in number theory and will get familiar with the beautiful identities and sharp asymptotic formulas obtained in the volume....

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Abstract : Let k be any ¯xed positive integer, n be any positive integer, Sk(n) denotes the smallest positive integer m such that m! is divisible by kn: In this paper, we use the elementary methods to study the asymptotic properties of Sk(n), and give an interesting asymptotic formula for it. Keywords : F. Smarandache problem, primitive numbers, asymptotic formula. ...

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J. Wang : Cube-free integers as sums of two squares 1 G. Liu and H. Li : Recurrences for generalized Euler numbers 9 H. Li and Q. Yang : Some properties of the LCM sequence 14 M. Liu : On the generalization of the primitive number function 18 Z. Lv : On the F. Smarandache LCM function and its mean value 22 Q. Wu : A conjecture involving the F. Smarandache LCM function 26 S. Xue : On the Smarandache dual function 29 N. Yuan : A new arithmetical function and its asymptotic formula 33 A. Muktibodh, etc. : Sequences of pyramidal numbers 39 R. Zhang and S. Ma : An e±cient hybrid genetic algorithm for continuous optimization problems 46 L. Mao : An introduction to Smarandache multi-spaces and mathematical combinatorics 54 M. Selariu : Smarandache stepped functions 81 X. Zhang and Y. Zhang : Sequences of numbers with alternate common di®erences 93 Y. Zhang : On the near pseudo Smarandache function 98 A. Muktibodh : Smarandache mukti-squares 102...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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0. In 1999, the second author of this remarks published a book over 30 of Smarandache's problems in area of elementary number theory (see [1, 2]). After this, we worked over new 20 problems that we collected in our book [28]. These books contain Smarandache's problems, described in [10, 16]. The present paper contains some of the results from [28]. In [16] Florentin Smarandache formulated 105 unsolved problems, while in [10] C.Dumitresu and V. Seleacu formulated 140 unsolved problems of his. The second book contains almost all the problems from [16], but now each problem has unique number and by this reason in [1, 28] and here the authors use the numeration of the problems from [10]. In the text below the following notations are used....

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V. Mladen and T. Krassimir : Remarks on some of the Smarandache's problem. Part 2 1 W. Kandasamy : Smarandache groupoids 27 L. Ding : On the primitive numbers of power P and its mean value properties 36 D. Torres and V. Teca : Consecutive, reversed, mirror, and symmetric Smarandache sequence of triangular numbers 39 D. Ren : On the square-free number sequence 46 T. Ramaraj and N. Kannappa : On ¯nite Smarandache near-rings 49 X. Kang : Some interesting properties of the Smarandache function 52 L. Mao : On Automorphism Groups of Maps, Surfaces and Smarandache Geometries 55 L. Ding : On the mean value of Smarandache ceil function 74 M. Le : An equation concerning the Smarandache function 78 M. Bayat, H. Teimoori and M. Hassani : An extension of ABC-theorem 81 J. Ma : An equation involving the Smarandache function 89 C. Chen : Inequalities for the polygamma functions with application 91 W. Vasantha and M. Chetry : On the number of Smarandache zero-divisors and Smarandache weak zero-divisors in loop rings 96 M. Le : The function equation S(n) = Z(n) 109 Z. Li : On the Smarandache Pseudo-number Sequences 111 D. Mehendale :...

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Applications demonstrate the power of the DSmT framework. In this third Volume, DSmT is applied to the entire spectrum of the Information Fusion that would interest any reader in data, sensor, information, and mathematical fusion topics. Highlighted in Figure 1 are the contemporary issues that include the links between (1) data conditioning and information management, (2) combined situation and impact assessment, and (2) knowledge representation between machine processing and user coordination. Various applications leverage DSmT “Advances” listed above along with DSmH (hybrid), DSmP (Probabilistic), and DSmT theoretical insights. The third volume attacks these application issues of coordination between the “levels” of information fusion....

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Part I Advances on DSmT 1 Chapter 1 An introduction to DSmT 3 by J. Dezert and F. Smarandache 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Foundations of DSmT . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 The power set, hyper-power set and super-power set . . 6 1.2.2 Notion of free and hybrid DSm models . . . . 18 1.2.3 Generalized belief functions . . . . . . 20 1.2.4 The classic DSm rule of combination . . . . . 21 1.2.5 The hybrid DSm rule of combination . . . . . 22 1.2.6 Examples of combination rules . . . . . . 24 1.2.7 Fusion of imprecise beliefs . . . . . . 29 1.3 Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule . . . . . 33 1.3.1 PCR formulas . . . . . . . . . 34 1.3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . 35 1.3.3 Zadeh’s example . . . . . . . . 39 1.4 Uniform and partially uniform redistribution rules . . . 41 1.5 RSC Fusion rules . . . . . . . . . 43 1.6 The generalized pignistic transformation (GPT) . . . . 45 1.6.1 The classical pignistic transformation . . . . 45 1.6.2 Notion of DSmcardinality . . . . . . 46 1.6.3 The Generalized Pignistic Transformation . . . 47 1.7 The DSmP transformation . . . . . . . 48 1.7.1 The Probabilistic In...

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This second book devoted on advances and applications of Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) for information fusion collects recent papers from different researchers working in engineering and mathematics. Part 1 of this book presents the current state-of-the-art on theoretical investigations while, Part 2 presents several applications of this new theory. Some ideas in this book are still under current development or improvements, but we think it is important to propose them in order to share ideas and motivate new debates with people interested in new reasoning methods and information fusion. So, we hope that this second volume on DSmT will continue to stir up some interests to researchers and engineers working in data fusion and in artificial intelligence....

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Preamble iii Prefaces v Part I Advances on DSmT 1 Chapter 1 Proportional Conflict Redistribution Rules for Information Fusion 3 by Florentin Smarandache and Jean Dezert 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 The principal rules of combination . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 Notion of total and partial conflicting masses . . . . . 6 1.2.2 The conjunctive rule . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.3 The disjunctive rule . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.4 Dempster’s rule of combination . . . . . . . 8 1.2.5 Smets’ rule of combination . . . . . . . 9 1.2.6 Yager’s rule of combination . . . . . . . 9 1.2.7 Dubois & Prade’s rule of combination . . . . . . 9 1.2.8 The hybrid DSm rule . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 The general weighted operator (WO) . . . . . . . 11 1.4 The weighted average operator (WAO) . . . . . . . 12 1.4.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.2 Example for WAO . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.3 Limitations of WAO . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5 Daniel’s minC rule of combination . . . . . . . 14 1.5.1 Principle of the minC rule . . . . . . . 14 1.5.2 Example for minC . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Principle of the PCR rules . . . . . . . . . 20 1.7 The...

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“I like the idea of mental synthesis very much ... I quite agree that language evolved in a way that facilitates synthesis and transmission of the synthesized mental image. ... I don't think there can be much doubt, purely conceptually, that language was a late arrival. Whatever mutation provided the key to it would have had no selectional advantage at all, and would have just been a useless “organ,” if it could not have linked up to pre-existing thought systems.” —NOAM CHOMSKY, Professor Emeritus of Linguistics, MIT “Boston University’s Andrey Vyshedskiy brings a neuroscientist’s perspective to the discussion of human mental history in On the Origin of the Human Mind.” —Scientific American Mind (July 2009) “I found the Mental Synthesis theory stimulating and provocative. The author puts forward an explanation for the evolution of the human mind based on predator detection that led to increased visual mental analysis which set the stage for visual mental syntheses. The author presents an impressive array of recent research on the brain with up to date references that are highly relevant to his case and the origin of mi...

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Introduction While studying the neuroscience of consciousness, I was struck with certain facts about mental imagery that seemed to shed some light on the process of the evolution of the human mind. The origin of the human mind remains one of the greatest mysteries of all times. The last 150 years, since Charles Darwin proposed that species evolve under the influence of natural selection (Darwin C, 1859), have been marked by great discoveries. Molecular biology described the genetic principles underlying species evolution and identified specific changes in the human genome since our lineage split off from the chimpanzee line about six million years ago (Somel M, 2013). Great paleontological discoveries have filled that span of six million years of human evolution with a number of intermediate species that display both human- and ape-like characteristics. However, the discussion of the evolution of the human intellect and specific forces that shaped the underlying brain evolution is as vigorous today as it was in Darwin’s times. At the center of the predicament about the origin of the human mind lies the question of human uniqu...

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Introduction 1 Part 1. Neuroscience of imagination 5 Chapter 1. Object encoding in the brain 6 Chapter 2. Neuronal synchronization 26 Chapter 3. Imagining new objects 32 Chapter 4. External manifestations of mental synthesis 39 Chapter 5. Humans versus animals 80 Chapter 6: Overall Discussion of Part 1 108 Part 2. Evolution of the Human Mind 135 Chapter 7. Introduction: a quick guide to paleoanthropology 136 Chapter 8. Cognitive evolution through the prism of paleontological evidence 160 Chapter 9. Evolutionary pressure drives better predator detection 191 Chapter 10. Overall Discussion of Part 2 219 Part 3. The “last” mutation 254 Chapter 11. The role of the prefrontal cortex in the process of mental synthesis 256 Chapter 12. Evolution of the prefrontal cortex 277 Conclusions 327 A wish list of experiments 339 Appendix 367 Acknowledgments 400 Bibliography 401 Illustrations credits 428 About the author 430 ...

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The Rise of Peace is an English version Of Urdu Novel“ Tuloo e Amn ” Dedicated to all victims of terrorist attacks (Muslims, Non Muslims) The Scenario… The Central Theme This Novel has been written in the context of present day fast changing political scenario of the world. Most important international burning issues have been touched in this novel in the most skilful and careful manner. Shall this peace seeking world ever reach the lasting peace..? There is destruction of all anti peace world forces in attempt to convert this world into peaceful world. All nations live peacefully in the long run. People respect each other’s religious, territorial limits and social taboo. This Novel is an action and adventure based fiction and an attempt to make this world as joint peaceful global village free of discriminations of caste and racial and Islamic and non Islamic likes and dislikes. Author seems to stress upon the fact that discriminations of this sort are very fatal for the restoration of world peace. Unless this discrimination is not completely finished it is almost impossible to convert this world into one peaceful ...

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Bismillah Hirrahmaan Nirraheem In the name of Allah Almighty, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful….The Most Beloved Prophet of Allah Almighty, Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) ************************************* A Novel in English and Urdu An English Version Of Urdu Novel“ Tuloo e Amn ” Author of Both Versions; Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Shahid Amin Sheikh (MBBS, DLO) Pakistan. Copy Rights are Reserved Copyright © 2011 Dr. Hafiz Shahid Amin All rights reserved. Neither this publication nor any part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of The Dr. Hafiz Shahid Amin. The Rise of Peace 3 Table of Contents Title Of Novel About The Author The Scenario The Preface Chapter-1….Meeting Of World Leaders Chapter-2….Dr Jabran and Robot Sunny Chapter-3….The Chief of ZSCIA Chapter-4… Killing of EX PM Chapter-5….The Naval Fleet of Zulimistan Chapter-6….Deaths of Muslim Leaders Chapter-7…. Zulimistan Thinkers Association Chapter-8…. President David of Zulimis...

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Table of Contents Title of Novel About The Author The Scenario The Preface Chapter-1 Meeting Of World Leaders Chapter-2 Dr. Jabran and Robot Sunny Chapter-3…. The Chief of ZSCIA Chapter-4 Killing of EX PM Chapter-5 The Naval Fleet of Zulimistan Chapter-6 Deaths of Muslim Leaders Chapter-7 Zulimistan Thinkers Association Chapter-8 President David of Zulimistan Chapter- 9 Chief of MFP Dr. Jabran Chapter- 10 Operation Tariq Bin Ziyad Chapter- 11 Missile Attacks on Zamaril Chapter -12 ZTA in Zulimistan Court Chapter -13 President’s Plans against ZTA Chapter -14 MFP Attacks Green House Chapter -15 MFP Attacks on Zulimistan Chapter -16 MFP Addresses to Zulimistan Chapter -17 President David in MFP Chapter -18 The Destructions in Zulimistan Chapter -19 Supreme Court Verdict Chapter -20 World Peace Formula ...