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The following collection of archival and oral historical-consultation records pertaining to Waikamoi Preserve and the greater watershed of the Haleakala mountain lands on the island of Maui, was compiled by Kumu Pono Associates LLC, at the request of The Nature Conservancy-Hawaii. This study provides The Nature Conservancy and its partners in management of the Waikamoi Preserve, with a cultural assessment of the Waikamoi Preserve, as required by State review laws governing The Nature Conservancys stewardship of the preserves natural resources. The primary documentation (both archival and oral historical), was collected by the authors over the period of six years, and provides readers with access to a rich and diverse collection of cultural- historical narratives from the island of Maui. The study focuses on lands situated on the eastern slopes of Haleakala, a region traditionally called Maui Hikina, with particular emphasis on those lands which make up and adjoin “Waikamoi Preserve.” These lands represent some of the most significant native forest resources remaining in the Hawaiian Islands, and are part of a unique cultural landsc...

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1848, Kamehameha III granted fee-simple interest of Kalialinui to a chiefly steward, Kamaikaaloa (Kamaikaaloa), who held the land through the remainder of his lifetime, and subsequently conveyed it to his heirs. Kalalawalu—daughter of Kamaikaaloa and Kealohaaukai—and her husband, Douglas Panee, sold the land of Kalialinui to Haleakala Ranch in 1888. Most of Kalialinui, including the land that became the Waikamoi Preserve, has been held by Haleakala Ranch since that time. In the later 1800s and early 1900s, cowboys of the Haleakala Ranch traveled from the lower Kula lands to the mountain lands of Haleakala via the “Aina Hou Trail,” passing Halemau (Halemauu) and Leleiwi, and through Kalialinui, towards the Koolau Gap lands. The Aina Hou Trail passes along the contour at about the 6300-6400 foot elevation to a place known as the “Aina Hou Bowl.” The Aina Hou Bowl is generally situated between the 6300 to 5600 foot elevation, and noted for a spring which was tapped to feed a historic ranch trough. Lands in this area were used as mountain pasturage by the ranch. The 5,230-acre Waikamoi Preserve was established in 1983 through...

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Waiakea, and Keauhou lands. Indeed, tradition also tells us that the gods and goddesses of these forest lands were very protective of them. In olden times, travel through them was accompanied by prayer, and care. Traditions tell us that many a careless traveler, or collector of resources, found themselves lost in a maze of overgrowth and dense mists as a result of disrespectful and careless actions. In the Hawaiian mind, care for each aspect of nature, the kino lau (myriad body-forms) of the elder life forms, was a way of life. This concept is still expressed by Hawaiian kupuna (elders) through the present day, and passed on in many native families. Also, in this cultural context, anything which damages the native nature of the land, forests, ocean, and kino lau therein, damages the integrity of the whole. Thus caring for, and protecting the land and ocean resources, is a way of life. In the traditional context above referenced, we find that the forests and mountain landscape—the native species, and the intangible components therein—are a part of a sacred Hawaiian landscape. Thus, the landscape itself is a highly valued cultural p...

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At the request of Stephanie Nagata, on behalf of the University of Hawaii-Office of Mauna Kea Management, Kumu Pono Associates LLC undertook research, compiled a detailed collection of archival-historical records, and conducted oral history interviews with kupuna and elder kamaaina, pertaining to the ahupuaa (native land divisions) of Kaohe, Humuula and neighboring aina mauna (mountain lands) of Mauna Kea, on the island of Hawaii. This work was undertaken as a part of on-going archival and oral historical research conducted by Kumu Pono Associates LLC, since 1996, and builds upon the accounts published by Maly in 1997, 1999, 2002, and 2003. The study is multifaceted, and includes detailed verbatim accounts and descriptions of Mauna Kea, the larger Humuula-Kaohe lands, and aina mauna, covering the periods of Hawaiian antiquity and traditions, to first-hand accounts of travel on and around Mauna Kea, dating from the early 1820s to the 1960s. One of the primary goals of this study has been to bring a significant collection of historical resource material, describing—native Hawaiian traditions, traditional and customary practices and b...

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As early as the 1820s, introduced cattle, sheep, goats, and wild dogs had made their way up to the mountain lands, and were bothersome to those who traveled the aina mauna. In 1834, Scottish naturalist, David Douglas was killed by a wild bullock at Keahua-ai (now called Douglas Pit or Kaluakauka), near the boundary of Humuula and Laupahoehoe. By 1850, the natural-cultural landscape of the aina mauna was being significantly altered by the roving herds of wild bullocks, sheep and other ungulates, and ranching interests were being formalized in the region. In 1857, the Crown and Government mountain lands of Humuula and Kaohe—including the summit of Mauna Kea—were leased to Francis Spencer and the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company, which established ranching stations and operations around the mountain lands. Portions of the land of Piihonua were leased to native bird hunters in the middle 1860s, and subsequently to native and foreign bullock hunters. As a result, Humuula and the larger aina mauna have been intensively ranched for more than 150 years....

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The cartographic history of Hawaii began with the arrival of Captain James Cook, the famous explorer and chartmaker, in 1778. Between then and the mid-19th century, visitors to HawaiI produced a rich assortment of charts and maps depicting the shores, harbors, towns, and volcanoes of the various islands. This volume traces the story of the mapping of HawaiI during the pivotal years in which the indigenous society was radically transformed by the peoples and ideas imported from the West. Foreigners introduced the concept of mapmaking to HawaiI, and they made maps of the islands to satisfy the needs of maritime commerce, missionary endeavors, and scientific investigations. Nearly seventy maps, complemented by more than twenty views, portraits, and illustrations, are reproduced here. Included are many charts and harbor plans produced by such famous figures of naval history as James Cook, William Bligh, George Vancouver, Otto von Kotzebue, Urey Lisiansky, Jean Francois de la Pérouse, Louis Duperrey, and Charles Wilkes. These richly reproduced charts document the early geography of Honolulu, Lahaina, Hilo, and Kailua—the most...

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The Early Mapping of Hawaii is an overview of the history of the mapping of Hawaii from the time of European discovery in 1778 through the mid-19th century. Mapmaking was not an art indigenous to Hawaii; foreigners were responsible for the introduction of mapmaking in the islands. For well over seventy years, mapping in Hawaii was largely carried out by Europeans or Americans, and the early maps of Hawaii were mostly made to serve the needs of those foreigners....

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In i870, the kingdom of hawaii faced a challenge: as a result of often poor surveying during the mahele process in the 1840s and 1850s, land records were chaotic. Uncertainty over boundaries and land ownership was a major hindrance to real estate sales, taxes, and the development of the kingdoms economy. Under the direction of the young William DeWitt Alexander, a new government agency was established to take charge of surveying and mapping operations in the country. The Hawaiian Government Survey (1870—1900) was an ambitious undertaking for the period. Although comparable agencies were well established in Europe by then, even the United States had not yet created an agency whose mandate was to map the entire country. Combining the best of a classical education, a pragmatic approach to problems, and a willingness to tackle rugged outdoor work in often miserable conditions, W. D. Alexander succeeded in shaping his small but dedicated staff into a mapping agency that achieved a remarkably high standard of proficiency. In doing so, Alexander made a decision that was both brave and wise, choosing not to emulate the work of European and ...

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By the late 1860s, private land ownership had replaced the traditional Hawaiian land tenure system, with profound and far-reaching effects on Hawaiian society. In the traditional Hawaiian system land was not owned outright by anyone but was held in stewardship for all the people by the alii ai moku, the highest ranking member of society. The alii ai moku granted the use of specific pieces of land to high-ranking alii (often referred to as chiefs), who in turn assigned parcels to be used by lesser alii or to individual families. The makaainana, or common people, paid rent to those above them in the hierarchy by giving a portion of the produce from their gardens and other resources gathered from the land and the waters and by contributing labor to projects for the common good. Recipients of such benefits kept some and passed the rest up the social and political chain. The alii in turn were obligated to carry out the many functions associated with any form of government....

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The primary purpose of the Hawaiian Language Reprint Series, as noted in connection with the publication of the rst two buke in this series, is to make available signicant works originally printed in the Hawaiian language in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries but now long out of print and difcult to access. Ka Mooolelo Hawaii, the third in the series, is especially signicant for the place it holds among the large body of works produced by Native Hawaiian writers. As M. Puakea Nogelmeier explains in the Introduction that follows, Ka Mooolelo Hawaii, printed in 1838, is the rst book credited to Native Hawaiian writers, the rst history of the islands published in the Hawaiian language, and the rst concentrated effort to commit Hawaiian oral traditions to paper. The student of Hawaiian history may wonder, what is the connection between the present Ka Mooolelo Hawaii and another well known volume of the same title authored by David Malo As explained in the Introduction, the former is an amalgam that grew out of an 1836 seminar organized by Reverend Sheldon Dibble at Lahainaluna and attended by ten advanced students, one of whom...

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Ua ho‘omaka ‘o Dibble i ka hana me ka ho‘ili‘ili ‘ana mai i mau huna ‘ike ‘ano nui a laha e pili ana i ka mo‘olelo Hawai‘i. Maopopo le‘a ke kulana pohihihi o ia ‘ike i ia wa, ‘oiai kaka‘ikahi na palapala ho‘oia a pa‘a ka nui o ua ‘ano ‘ike la ma na ku‘ono waihona ho‘omana‘o o ka po‘e ola. Ho‘oholo like ‘ia paha, ina e malama ‘ia ana, ‘o ia no ka manawa e hana ai. Na Dibble no i ho‘oulu i mau ninau ma ke ‘ano i hiki ai a ho‘o- nohonoho iho ma ke ka‘ina manawa. A laila, wae ‘o ia i na haumana ‘oi loa o ke kulanui, he ‘umi ka huina. Ho‘onoho ‘ia lakou ma ke ‘ano he papa noi‘i a ‘o ka ha‘awina mua ka hele pakahi ‘ana aku i na kanaka kahiko o ia au, na ali‘i a me ka lehulehu, e ho‘ili‘ili mai i ka ‘ike maia lakou mai ma ia ninau. Ma ia ‘ano i loa‘a mai ai na mo‘o- lelo ha‘i waha a na kupuna a ua ho‘ohui ‘ia me na mea a na haumana i ‘ike maka ai, ‘oiai he kanaka makua kekahi o lakou. Kakau ‘ia iho ia mau mo‘olelo a pa‘a ma ka pepa, a heluhelu ‘ia na pepa ma ka papa, kahi i ho‘oponopono pualu ‘ia ai. A pau ia ninau aku a ia ninau aku me ka ho‘oponopono pualu ‘ia o na pepa a pau, ‘o ia ka ke kumu a‘o i ho‘oponopono a ho‘opaku‘iku‘i aku ai n...

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E na makamaka o ka olelo makuahine mai Hawaii Nui Kuauli a i Niihau o ka Ua Naulu aloha pumehana kakou. Ke panee nei keia moolelo i mua o oukou, i mua o ka maka o na kanaka e kuupau nei i ka hooko i ka iini nui o kakou, o ia no ka hooikaika hou i ka olelo Hawaii. He mahele nui ia o ko kakou Mauli Ola Hawaii. Ma loko o keia moolelo i hoike ia ai kekahi ano kupono a kupono ole o ke kanaka ma ka wa kahiko. E maliu aku kakou i keia haawina, no ka mea, he mea no ia i pili i na kanaka o keia au nei o kakou. He moolelo o Keahiakahoe i pili i ka aina o Kaneohe. Ua paa mua he mana moolelo o Keahiakahoe ia Sterling laua o Summers, ma loko o ka laua palapala i hana ai e waiho ala ma ka Halehoikeike o Pihopa. Eia kekahi, ma loko o na puke o Place Names of Hawaii a me Sites of Oahu, ua loaa na pauku e wehewehe pokole ana i ka manao nui o ka moolelo. Ike ia no hoi kekahi mana o nei moolelo i loko o ka puke Na Wahi Pana O Koolaupoko. O ke kumu i loaa mai ai ka mana moolelo i pai ia ma keia puke, ua hoohui ia na mana moolelo i loaa, a ua unuhi a hakuloli ia ia mau moolelo e ka Hale Kuamoo, a o ia keia e lawe ia nei ia oukou no ka heluhelu walea ana...

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O Keaahala ka aina. He wahi ka ia ma uka o Kaneohe. Ma laila i noho ai o Kahoe. He mahiai o Kahoe e noho ana me kana ohana ma ke alo o na pali kunihi o Koolau Poko....

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The following collection of archival and oral historical records was compiled by Kumu Pono Associates LLC, at the request of Sam Garcia, Jr., and Jon Garcia, owners of a 5.497 acre parcel of land, situated in the ahupuaa (native land division) of Kaeo, in the Honuaula region of Maui (TMK 2- 1-007:067). The Garcia parcel extends from near sea level at the shore to about fifty feet in elevation above sea level, and the family proposes to develop their five-plus acre parcel into a small subdivision, containing eleven single family residences. As a part of the planning process, a preservation plan is needed for a site identified as a heiau (temple), that is situated on the property. In addition to the heiau, stone walls, habitation features, agricultural mounds, terraces, enclosures, and modified outcrops were also identified, as a part of an archaeological survey conducted by Haun and Associates (Haun et al., 2000 & 2004). The cultural resources are interpreted as dating from the period of pre-history to historic ranching and later residency activities (Haun, 2000 & 2004; and Frampton, 2002, revised, 2004). The research conducted as a...

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MANY THEMES of modern Hawaiian history have their antecedents in a single historic episode—the mahele. In the 1840s, Kauikeaouli, or Kamehameha III, abandoned traditional Hawaiian land tenure in favor of the Western concept of private owner-ship of property, an event second only to the arrival of the Europeans in its impact on Hawai‘i. In the matter of a few years, Hawai‘i changed from a society in which the ali‘i ai?moku, or king, served as stew-ard of the land that belonged to the gods, to one in which he, the ali‘i, or nobility, and the maka?ainana, or com-moners, acquired outright ownership of land. Surveying the Mahele is the second volume in the series Palapala‘aina, the first of which, The Early Mapping of Hawai‘i, was recognized as the outstanding book of 1985–1993 by Ka Palapala Po‘okela, the association of Hawaiian publishers, who honored it with the first Samuel Kamakau Award. Surveying the Mahele examines the work of many im-portant figures, including the few professional surveryors, such as William Webster, whose work in Hawai‘i was as fine as any in the world. It describes the efforts of many missionaries, including...

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As a part of a state-wide program designed to protect, restore, and further the public benefit of significant Hawaiian natural resources making up three existing Natural Area Reserves, and one reserve, all on the island of Hawaii, Ms. Lisa Hadway, Natural Area Specialist for the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources-Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DLNR-DOFAW), requested that Kumu Pono Associates LLC conduct detailed historical-archival research that would describe the traditional-cultural and historical setting of lands within existing, or proposed Natural Area Reserves on the Island of Hawaii. This component of the study discusses several ahupuaa that contribute to the land area of the Puu o Umi Natural Area Reserve situated on the Kohala-Hamakua mountains, Island of Hawaii (Figure 1). The Puu o Umi Natural Area Reserve (NAR) is generally set within the upper reaches of the ili of Puukapu, which belongs to the larger land of Waimea, though it also includes the upper portions of neighboring watershed forests of other ahupuaa in both Kohala and Hamakua. The NAR was once a part of the Kohala Forest Reserve, whic...